APUSH Quick Notes

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Period 1 (1491-1607)

1491: One year before Columbus’ arrival

1607: Establishment of Jamestown

Society/Politics of Indigenous Peoples

* Geography plays a big role in cultural variances

Maize: Cultivated in Mexico but spread via trade and migration

• Drives economic growth (trade)

• Enables permanent settlement (need to stay to cultivate)

  • Society stays in one location → Creation of political systems

• Advanced irrigation techniques

Northeast Societies

Iroquois: Farmers living in long, communal houses (long house)

• Relied on Maize

• Three Sisters Farming: Growing corn, beans, and squash simultaneously (more sustainable and high-yielding)

Southeast Societies

Cahokia/Mississippian: Farmers utilizing distinct waterway irrigation

• Tobacco economy

• Mound builders

• Traded extensively due to access to waterways

More advanced due to access to waterways

Cherokee: Agricultural society

• Men hunted, women grew crops

• Migrated with the seasons

Northwest Societies

Chinook: Relied on whaling and animals

• Several families living in same house

• Not very agricultural

Southwest Societies

Pueblo: Farmers 

• Corn, beans, squash (three sisters)

• Cliff dwellings

Martime Technologies

Portugal was the first to being maritime exploration w/ Prince Henry the Navigator–generates a trading post empire

Caravel: Fast and navigable ship

Astrolabe: Gave latitude

(1494) Treaty of Tordesillas: Line demarcating territory for Spain and Portugal (Portugal gets East)

Sextant: Navigational instrument used to measure angles to determine latitude and longitude

Joint-Stock Companies: Distributed the risks of economic opportunities

European Contact

Gold: Zero-sum economy

• Europeans believe there was a fixed amount of currency in the world and they must all compete for it

• Ottomans seized Constantinople–we need a different route yo

• Feudalism replaced with capitalism

  • Capitalism: Owning means of production = Wealth

  • Feudalism: Land = Wealth

God: Europe was in a period of religious crisis and confusion

• Show off religious superiority through colony conversion

Glory: Became a competition between European powers to claim land to shift balance of power

Effects

+ Columbian Exchange: Exchange of materials from old to new world

• DIFFERENT from Triangular Trade which was an established economic system

• Eurasia were already connected–immune to each other’s cooties

• Introduced diseases (e.g., Smallpox)

• Nutrient-rich food options → healthier Europeans

• Introduction of horses by Spain fundamentally changed Native lifesyles

(1501) Enslaved Africans arrive

Conflicting Worldviews

Land Use

• Natives: Land does not belong to a singular person, adapt to environment

• Europeans: Make the land submit

Religion:

• Natives: Belief in multiple Gods

• Europeans: Monotheistic

(Some Natives began to include Jesus in their list of Gods to worship)

Gender Roles

• Natives: More egalitarian

• Europeans: Patriarchy

Family

• Natives: Extended family

• Europeans: Nuclear family

Period 2 (1607-1754)

1607: Establishment of Jamestown (English settlement)

1754: Start of French & Indian War

Mainly about how British colonies grew and resisted Britain

Difference Between Colonial Powers

Spain

Culturally…

Intermarriage with Natives was common–hence the Caste system

• Caste System: Race-based racial hierarchy

• Bartolomé de las Casas: Spanish clergyman speaking out against slavery and highlighted the oppression of Indigenous peoples

Sends MANY colonizers to make a “New Spain” essentially

Economically…

Big on wealth extraction (Gold and silver)

Encomienda System: Coerced labor system, Spanish crown granted land to people who forced indigenous people to assists in plantations

• Cash crops: Sugar, tobacco, cotton, etc.

• Eventually shifted to African enslaved labor because Indigenous people were dying of European diseases (Malaria, Smallpox, etc.)

• ? Hacienda is like sharecropping

Religiously…

Sent many Catholic missionaries to convert natives to Christianity

The Black Legend: Painted the Spanish as cruel oppressors

English

Culturally…

Sends men AND women to settle, family units

• Intermarriage with Natives and Africans was rare

More social mobility in the New World compared to England

• Primogeniture: Eldest son inherited family land (remember we are in a feudalist society in England!)

Improved living conditions

• Population growth and the Enclosure Movement caused wealth disparity for poor farmers

  • Enclosure Movement: Made public land private to make agriculture more efficient

Goal was to establish a new society for themselves away from the motherland

Politically…

(1607) Jamestown

• Originally many men there died of starvation and disease

• Single young men

Religiously…

England was going through religious shift from Catholicism → Protestantism

• Puritans: Want to stay in England and purify the Church of England

• Pilgrims: Believed the Church of England could not be saved (Separatists)

King James I was the head of the church, he does not like opposition obviously

Economically…

Single young men want to strike up gold

• Gold wasn’t feeding anyone → tobacco cultivation

Dutch/French

Culturally…

Few single men are sent to establish trading posts

• Cooperates with the Natives

Economically…

Friendly French (and Dutch) fur traders!

• Intermarriages and alliances between French and Native groups

Not many permanent settlements, focuses on growing trading relations

Establishes New Amsterdam, (1608) Quebec, (1682) Louisiana

• New Amsterdam significant trading port

  • Eventually lost to English through series of wars (Anglo-Dutch Wars)

Religiously…

Didn’t feel there was a need to emphasize religious authority over the Natives

Jesuits: Aimed to convert the Natives while simultaneously living and learning with them

• Cultural mediators

British Colonies

New England

Colonies: (1630) Massachusetts Bay, (1620) Plymouth, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Maine

Culture/Society: Mainly family settlements

• Set out to create a new society

  • Mayflower Compact (Plymouth): Majority-rule government (democratic)

• High literacy rates (Bible reading)

• Democratic town meetings (Massachusetts Bay)

Economy: Agriculture + Commerce

• Exports fur, timber, and fish

Religion: Pilgrims & Puritans seeking religious tolerance

• Plymouth: Pilgrims (Separatist Puritans)

• Massachusetts Bay: Puritans

Middle Colonies (Bread Basket) – Diversity and Trade

Colonies: New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Philadelphia

• Initially settled by the Dutch (New Amsterdam → New York)

Culture/Society: Diverse due to tolerance

• Quite democratic

Economy: Cereal Crops (“Bread Basket”)

• Major port cities: New York and Philadelphia

Religion: Diverse and tolerant–Pluralism

• Pennsylvania = poster child for religious tolerance

  • Quakers Chill pacifists

Chesapeake

Colonies: Virginia, Maryland, (1607) Jamestown

• Advanced waterways and plantations

Culture/Society: Mainly single men

• Fewer family units in comparison to the New England colonies

Politically…

Virginia House of Burgesses: Representative government limited to white, land-owning men (democratic)

Economy: Cash crops

• Started off as gold-hungry men but John Rolfe introduces tobacco

• Necessity for land because tobacco depletes the soil’s nutrients

Indentured Servitude: Contract to work for a period of years in exchange for eventual freedom

• People actually started living past their contract → not favorable for plantation owners

• Replaced by enslaved African Americans

Religion: Tensions between Anglicans and Catholics

• (1649) Act of Toleration – Maryland

  • Guarantees religious freedom

Southern Colonies – Plantations

Colonies: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

• (1712) North and South Carolina split

• Georgia served as a buffer colony between Spanish and French

Culture/Society:

(1661) Barbados Slave Code: First colonial law defining enslaved individuals as chattel property

Wealthy planters at the top of the hierarchy

Economy: Long growing seasons

• Relied on enslaved labor

• Plantation owners at the top of the social hierarchy

Highest concentration of enslaved labor

• Sugarcane, rice, indigo

Religion: Anglican with less emphasis on conformity

• More economy focus

Early Democratic Societies

Virginia House of Burgesses (1619) – Jamestown, Virginia – White, land-owning men (Chesapeake)

Mayflower Compact – (1620) Plymouth – Male church members (New England)

Massachusetts Bay – (1630) Massachusetts Bay – Democratic town meetings (New England)

Britain’s Treatment of Colonies

Mercantilism: Drove the economic relationship between Britain and the colonies

• Emphasized more exports than imports (zero-sum economy)

(1650) Navigation Acts: Restricts colonial trade exclusively with Britain

• Salutary Neglect: Colonies did not quite abide by the laws + British were not enforcing   

  • Colonists got used to this sense of independence

Native Resistance

(1636-38) Pequot War: Pequot tribe almost entirely annihilated

• Pequot tribe had strong trade relations with the Dutch

  •     When the English came, trade competition increased

• Massacre at Mystic: Mass killing of Pequot individuals

Pequot tribe almost entirely annihilated, surviving individuals were enslaved

(1675-76) Metacom’s War (Philip’s War): NE Settlers encroached on Wampanoag land → retaliation

• Metacom = King Philip

  • Metacom establishes alliances with other Native groups against land encroachment by the NE settlers

• Metacom is eventually captured and killed

• English victory with many casualties

First Native American War

(1676) Bacon’s Rebellion: Switch from indentured servitude → African slavery

• Indentured servants (led by Nathaniel Bacon) led attacks on Native groups as they believed the government should take a stronger approach against Natives

  • Indentured servants viewed Natives as a threat to their jobs

  • Indentured servants were causing too many problems

(1680) Pueblo Revolt: Pueblo people incorporated Christianity into their own culture (syncretism) → Spanish unhappy because not monotheistic

• Pueblos rebelled after Spanish killed their medicine men

• Initially successful for the Pueblo, but Spanish return 12 years later more lax

African American Resistance

Covert Resistance – Indirect

• Maintaining family structures

• Working slowly, breaking tools

• Mainting cultural traditions

Overt Resistance – Direct

(1739) Stono Rebellion: Enslaved African attacked any white individuals and burned their homes

• Suppressed by South Carolina militia

• Slave codes were made more severe

Largest enslaved revolt

Unifying American Culture

Spreads with the transatlantic print culture

(1680-1820s) The Enlightenment: Emphasized rationality

• Does not directly critique religion, but challenges traditional religious beliefs

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Social contract & popular sovereignty–Social Contract

• John Locke: Natural rights (life, liberty, and property), blank slate (tabula rasa)–Second Treatise

• Baron de Montesquieu: Separation of Powers–The Spirit of Laws

Leads to creation of an American political philosophy

Anglicization: Being similar to the British

(1730-40s) The Great Awakening: Religious revival emphasizing the religion was a personal journey of emotion

• Jonathan Edwards: “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” Utilized imagery to inspire religious fervor–evokes fear

• George Whitfield: English Anglican preacher who gave emotionally charged sermons to outdoor crowds in the colonies

  • Fostered shared intercolonial Protestant identity

First mass movement in the colonies that affected everyone – we so national or whatever
Pendulum swing against logic and reasoning

Growing Tensions

Territorial Settlements

Colonies are running out of lands to settle → Land becomes scarce

• Colonies want to push west in the Ohio River Valley

  • Would cause conflicts with the Native groups and the French

  • Proclamation Line of 1763: Forbade colonists from settling West of the Appalachian Mountains

Self Rule

Impressment: Britain forcing American men to serve in the Royal Navy in British countless wars

Parameters of Trade (Navigation Acts)

Colonies needed to find more markets to sell American goods because it was reaching a saturation point in Britain

• Not allowed according to the Navigation Acts

Period 3 (1754-1800)

1754: French and Indian War

1800: Jefferson’s Election

French and Indian War

Both the French and the British were expanding into the Ohio River Valley

• Fort Necessity – British Loss

  • General George Washington

Causes of the American Revolution

(1754-63) French and Indian War: Conflict between France and Great Britain over disputed territory in Ohio River Valley

• Escalates into the Seven Years’ War: “First World War”

• Great Britain wins the war

Effects of the Seven Years’ War:

(1763) Treaty of Paris: Changed map of British North America

• We get Florida from Spain who once allied with France

• France ceded territory in Ohio River Valley to Great Britain

  • French loses almost all their tutorial

• French and British are B R O K E

Great Britain prevented westward expansion → (1763) Proclamation Line

• Cannot expand past Appalachian mountains

• Britain wants to prevent further conflict–they were too broke to support

  • (1763) Pontiac’s Rebellion: Native Americans from Great Lakes unite against British colonial forces because of land encroachment following Seven Years’ War

War Debt → End of Salutary Neglect

Spread of Enlightenment Ideals

• Social Contract – Jean-Jacques Rousseau

  • The right to overthrow a tyrannical government

• Natural Rights – John Locke

Growing Resentment

(1650) Navigation Act is

Quartering Act: Required colonial subjects to house and feed members of British military

(1764) Sugar Act: Tax on sugar…duh

(1765) Stamp Act: Tax on all paper goods

• Taxation without representation

Committees of Correspondence: Organized committees discussing colonial grievances

• Sons of Liberty: Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Paul Revere, etc.

• Fought for repeal of Stamp Act

1766 Repeal of Stamp Act!

(1767) Townshend Acts: Tax on imported goods

• Paper, paint, tea

(1770) Boston Massacre: Crispus Attucks first to die for the revolution, starts off as a snowball fight

(1773) Tea Act: Tax on tea

• Everyone was drinking at the time

(1773) Boston Tea Party: Colonial outrage of taxation without representation

• British East India company shareholders were mainly Parliament members

(1774) Intolerable/Coercive Acts: Passed in response to the Boston Tea Party (made to punish Boston, Massachusetts)

            I. Closed Boston Harbor

            II. Revoked colony’s charter → No town meetings, king can appoint legislature

            III. Quartering Act

            IV. Administration of Justice: British soldiers did not have to go to trial in Boston

They still want to be British and treated equally

(1774) First Continental Congress: We still like being British, we just want equal rights

Battle of Lexington and Concord: “Shot heard around the world” opening military engagement of the American Revolutionary War

• British soldiers were sent to capture opposition

(1775) Second Continental Congress: De facto government during American Revolution grievances → declaring independence

• Established Continental Army who were much less experienced than the British

(1776) Common Sense: Convinced many individuals that Revolution was inevitable

(1776) Declaration of Independence – Thomas Jefferson

• Employs Enlightenment ideals

Revolution Time (1765-83)

Colonial Weaknesses/Strengths

• Loyalist opposition – not a widespread agreement – W

• Britain had already established Maritime empire – W

• Leadership of George Washington – S

  • (1775) Battle of Bunker Hill: Showed that untrained colonists stood a chance against the British  (British victory but they suffered mass casualties)

  • (1776) Battle of Trenton: Proves Americans could win (Washington surprise attack)

• Alliance with France – S

  • (1777) Battle of Saratoga: Watershed event (French joins the revolution)

  • (1781) Battle of Yorktown: French and American siege and victory

• More resilience and willpower – S

(1783) Treaty of Paris: Officially ends American Revolution

Global Effects of the War

• Puts France in debt – French Revolution (1789-Debated)

• Haiti Slave Rebellion – Successful

• Latin American Revolutions (1808-36)

A New Republic

Society

Begin to see debates and sectional tensions over slavery and voting rights

• Thomas Jefferson claims “All men are created equal”

  • Voting was still restricted to land-owning men

Republican Motherhood: It is a woman’s place to teach her children Republican ideals

• Republican Ideals: Taking an active role in the government and staying informed

• Slightly expanded access to education

(1800-30s) Latin American countries fell in suit with fighting for independence

Articles of Confederation

The states established governments with power in the legislature rather than in one direct governor/individual

(1777) Articles of Confederation: Kept the central government extremely weak

• State governments had more power

Weaknesses under the Articles of Confederation

• Could not regulate international affairs

• No power to collect tax from states + no unified currency across the nation

  • States often competed with one another with interstate commerce

(1786) Shay’s Rebellion: Angry farmers in Massachusetts attacks court houses

• Government as too weak to pay soldier for their service → frustration

• Government was too weak to shut it down

  • Weaknesses of AOC were intolerable

(1787) Northwest Ordinance of 1787

            I. Regulated the unsettled Western territory

            II. Banned slavery in Northwest Territory

            III. Laid out rules for how territories could apply foe statehood

            IV. Promoted public education

            V. Protected private property

• Population of 60,000, state constitution, and approval from Congress

First major federal legislation to ban slavery in new US territories

Constitutional Convention Debates

(1787) Constitutional Convention: Meant to revise the Articles of Confederation, but ends up drafting the Constitution

• Separation of Powers (Judicial, Executive, and Legislative)

• Federalism: Power is shared between federal and state government

Representation?

• Virginia Plan: Representation based on population (favors large states)

• New Jersey Plan: Representation is equal among states (favors small states)

• Great Compromise/Connecticut Compromise: Establishes bicameral legislature

Slavery?

• Three-fifths compromise: Three-fifths of the enslaved population would count towards representation

Ratification of the Constitution

Federalists (Alexander Hamilton): Argued in favor of ratification

• In favor of a strong central government

• Federalist Papers: Written by Hamilton and Madison

Anti-Federalists (Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and George Mason)

• Feared strengthening central government would result in tyranny

• Argued that a central government could not equally represent the diversity of the US

Federalists won Constitution is ratified 1788

• Under the compromise that they include a Bill of Rights (1789) – they did!

Under the Constitution

Precedents are set

Executive Branch

George Washington establishes executive departments

• Department of State (Thomas Jefferson)

• Department of War (Henry Knox)

• Department of Treasury (Alexander Hamilton)

• Department of Justice (Edmund Randolph)

Two Four-Year terms

• Precedent is broken by Franklin D. Roosevelt who served four years (during Great Depression and WWII)

Washington’s Farewell Address: Advises against political parties and foreign entanglement

• Establishes isolationism

• Context for foreign policy

Judicial and Legislative Branches

(1789) Judiciary Act: Multi-level federal court system

• Section XIII declared unconstitutional by Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Political Parties

Federalists

• Alexander Hamilton

• Strong central government

• Derived from…Federalists

• Loose interpretation of government

• More upper class

• Britain

Democratic-Republicans

• Thomas Jefferson & James Madison

• Strong state government

• Derived from Anti-Federalists

• Strict interpretation of government – Constructionists

• More lower class workers

• France

Why did they form?

Economic Policy

• Alexander Hamilton proposed National Bank

  • Puts economic control in the hands of the Federal government (Dem-reps against)

Balance of Liberty and Public Order

(1791) Whiskey Rebellion: Rebellion over the tax on Whiskey led by farmers

• Washington mobilizes a militia, demonstrating the federal government was stronger and more capable

• Compared with the Shay’s Rebellion

Foreign Policy

(1789) French Revolution: Raised debates of whether US should get involved

• Democratic-Republicans say that it is the US responsibility to aid France as they fought for the same values as the American Revolution

• Federalists say that US should not get involved to avoid foreign entanglement as a newly formed nation

  • We want to protect trade (other European nations were involved)

• (1793) Neutrality Proclamation: Protected American trade US remains impartial in the war

  • Jefferson resigns from Washington’s cabinet

National and State Relationship

(1798) Alien and Sedition Acts: Designed to suppress Democratic-Republican opposition and silence dissent during conflicts surrounding French Revolution

• Naturalization Act: Increased residency requirement for citizenship from 5 → 14 years

• Alien Act: Government could deport or imprison foreigners deemed dangerous

• Sedition Act: Made it illegal to publish malicious writing against the government or its officials

Civil liberties < National Security

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – State response to Alien and Sedition Acts

• Stated that Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional, therefore, unenforceable

Any federal law that enabled the government to operate beyond constitutional power should be considered null by the states

(1793) Fugitive Slave Act: Allowed slave owners to reclaim enslaved people who had escaped to other states (regardless of free or not)

Migration and Conflict

National Identity

Emphasis on liberty through abolishment of aristocracy and enforcing religious toleration

Art and Literature

Charles Brown: “Wieland”

• First American gothic novel – uniquely American

Charles Wilson Peale: Painted revolutionary war leaders like Washington

• Show Americans who their leaders were–foster sense of shared identity

Hector St. John De Crevecoeur: Considered on of the first American novelists

• Described Americans as the “new man” emerging from European roots

Architecture plagued with federal style

• As seen in the capitol building

Conflicts with Territorial Expansion

(1803) Louisiana Purchase: Although Jefferson was a strict constructionist, he believed in an agrarian society

• Louis and Clarke were sent to explore and map the territory

Britain still occupied forts in the North (despite Treaty of Paris 1783) and armed Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley to add fuel to the fire

• Spain did the exact same in the South

(1794) Jay’s Treaty: Great Britain agreed to withdraw forces from Western borders in the US

• Jeffersonian Republicans viewed as a “humiliating” surrender to Great Britain and an anti-French action

• Impressment did not stop

• Britain was supplying Natives with weapons for use against Americans

US was being impressed by both French and British

(1795) Pinckney’s Treaty: Formally recognized the borders between US and Spanish territory

• Opened the Port of New Orleans and Mississippi to US merchants

• Spanish and America are chill

Slavery (Foreshadowing)

Southerners want to move Westwards because cash crops (tobacco and cotton) depleted the soil of nutrients

• Slavery migrated westward as well

• Northerners opposed on moral (religious) stance or economic

  • Saw free labor as a threat to paid labor, main labor source in Northern states

Period 4 (1800-1848)

1800: Election of Thomas Jefferson

1848: Seneca Falls Convention

Who is the US becoming? (Foreign and economic policy)

World Power

How can American situate itself as an important world power? We are still meak

Promoting Foreign Trade

France and Britain at war while ignoring the US (1793) Proclamation of Neutrality

• Both nations were impressing American Sailors (seizing ships and forcing them to serve)

(1807) Embargo Act: Forbade US exports to foreign nations to emphasize neutrality

• Really only hurt the United States

• Enacted under Jefferson

(1809) Nonintercourse Act: Replaced Embargo Act, forbade US exports to France and Britain

• Still only hurt domestic economy

Expanding Domestic Territory

(1819) Adam-Onís Treaty: Spain cedes Florida to US, establishes western border of the Louisiana territory

(1803) Louisiana Purchase

War of 1812

American Revolution 2.0

Two-year conflict between and US with no clear victor and loss of casualties on both sides

• Britain did not evacuate forts on the Western border as per Jay’s Treaty

• Impressment and nonintercourse act

(1814) Treaty of Ghent: Ends the war on terms of a stalemate

• Showcases that the US can once again beat Britain and stand a chance against the nation

Monroe Doctrine

Monroe claims that the Western hemisphere was US’ sphere of influence

• Also states that US would stay out of the Eastern hemisphere

• (1904) Roosevelt Corollary adds on to this (US is Latin American Police)

Modern Economy

1st Industrial Revolution is happening simultaneously

Market Revolution: US transitions from subsistence to commercial economy

Steam Engine allows factories to be built away from water sources → increased amount of factories

Mechanical Reaper: Sped up farming with less manual labor

Government sponsored infrastructure

• Roads: Cumberland Road

• Canals: Erie Canal: Links Albany to Buffalo in New York

• Railroads: (1830s) railroads were competing with canals

Made goods easier to ship to different markets → more productive national economy

Migration and Immigration

• Individuals began moving to industrial cities to work

  • Irish, German, and Scandinavian (North/West Europe): Educated and were more similar to the Americans

Andrew Jackson and Federal Power

Expanding

Nullification Crisis: Tariff of Abominations placed an economic strain on southern states

• South Carolina attempts to nullify the tariff as they deemed it unconstitutional

  • “We’re going to succeed if you attempt to enforce this on us”

• Jackson passes the Force Bill where he could send troops to collect the taxes

  • Also promised to gradually reduce the tariffs to reduce tensions about succession

Bank War: Charter for the Second Bank of US was up for renewal

• Jackson wants to veto – believed the banks only benefitted the elites and harmed ordinary Americans

  • Panic of 1819 was like evidence to his claim

  • Removed federal deposits and put them in Pet Banks (loyal state banks)

American Indian Removal

• (1830) Indian Removal Act: Authorized forced relocation of Native American tribes to designated “Indian Territory” (Oklahoma) – Moved them west

  • (1832) Worcester v. Georgia: Affirmed tribal sovereignty, Jackson disregards this

  • Trial of Tears: Path of relocation

• (1832) Black Hawk War: Jackson sends federal troops to forcibly relocate Saux & Fox nations

  • Chief retreats to gather up numbers to fight against US

  • Massacre of the tribes and forced relocation of survivors

Opposed federally funded internal improvements

Modern Democracy

Jefferson’s election signaled the first successful transfer of power between rival factions

• Federalists → Democratic-Republicans

• Proved republicanism can work

Limits of Federal Power

(1803) Louisiana Purchase: Although Jefferson was a strict constructionist, he believed in an agrarian society

• Louis and Clarke were sent to explore and map the territory

Federal Power in Judicial Branch

(1803) Marbury v. Madison: Midnight judges, establishes Judicial Review

(1819) McCulloch v. Maryland: Maryland attempts to tax Second Bank of US, federal laws are superior to state laws

Expanding Democracy

Voting rights expanded to universal white male suffrage (franchise)

• Removed property qualifications

Panic of 1819: Nationwide economic crisis due to poor economic decisions of the Second Bank

Democrats

• Thomas Jefferson – Wins by appealing to the Common Man

• Democratic-Republican 2.0

• Less government control

National Republicans

• John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay

• Federalists 2.0

• More government control

(Federalists split over War of 1812 and succession drama)

Modern Society

Social Classes

Market Revolution stratifies American society into rigid class structures

Business Elite: Smallest and wealthiest

Factory owners, shipping executives, etc.

• Middle Class: Growing!

  • Lawyers, teachers, managers, etc.

  • Middle class men and women had separate spheres (became a status marker for middle class men)

    • Cult of Domesticity: If women aren’t working, what is their role?

• Working Class: Bulk of urban Americans

  • Immigrants

    • Nativism: Targeted mainly Irish because they were Catholic and “took jobs”

  • Poor salaries

Growing National Culture

American culture was basically borrowed from European culture

After War of 1812 → Era of Good Feelings (Monroe)
Romanticism: Reaction to the cold, angular thinking of the Enlightenment

• Hudson River School: Painted American landscapes that elicited an emotional response

Transcendentalism: Emphasis on emotion, individualism, self-reliance, and profound connection to nature over organized religion and societal institutions

• Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson

Social Reforms

Second Great Awakening: More emphasis on reforming society, optimism, and evangelical fervor

• Spread by democratic beliefs

• Embraced Romanticism

• Charles Grandison Finney – Utilized highly emotional language that was also easy to understand by the common man

• Mormons were founded

Utopian Societies

• Oneida Community: Created a community of Christians separated from the general population

  • All members surrender their property and encouraged to participate in complex marriage

  • Eventually dispersed due to economic challenges

• Shakers: Christian community known for celibacy

  • Eventually died out because…well…no one was having children, growth relied on joining

Social Reform

• Temperance: Sought to eliminate production and consumption

  • (1826) American Temperance Society: Founded by clergy and businessman

  • Believed drunk people were not as productive and were hazards in the work place

  • Big against Irish and German Culture, almost a Nativist view against immigrant vices

Women’s Rights

• Women played an integral role in the abolition movement

• (1848) Seneca Falls Convention: Produced Declaration of Sentiments which argued that women should have full equality with men

  • Modeled after the Declaration of Independence

National & Regional Identity

Henry Clay’s (1824) American System: Sought to grow the federal economy to unite regional economies

                I. Infrastructure Projects

                II. Protective Tariff of 1816: Aimed to protect domestic industry

                III. Second Bank of United States: Established a national currency (green bills)

• Particularly during Era of Good Feelings

• The Great Compromiser

Simultaneously, regional identities developed

• Regions could specialize in particular goods and import whatever they were lacking

Slavery and Abolition

William Lloyd Garrison: The Liberator argued for immediate abolition through persuasion

Slavery could not be overlooked because each region and ideology was in competition with the other (North saw slavery as an upper hand to their free-wage labor system)

• (1820) Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820: Missouri would enter as a Slave state, but Maine was admitted as a free state (36º 30º) division of slavery

Covert Resistance

• Breaking tools, slowing down work, maintaining culture/family, etc.

Overt (Obvious/Violent) Resistance

• (1831) Nat Turner’s Rebellion: Deadliest enslaved uprising in US history

  • Brutally suppressed by Virginia militia who then created harsher slave codes

Period 5 (1844-1877)

1844: Aggressive expansionism, election of James K. Polk

1877: End of the Reconstruction era Compromise of 1877

Increased sectionalism (Civil War and Expansionism)

Expansion

Backed by government land grants and subsidies – pro-business government

• Subsidies: financial benefit provided by government to an organization or business

(1862) Homestead Act: Granted 160 acres to any US citizen for cheap as log as they improve the land over five years

(1862) Pacific Railroad Act: Offered incentive to any man who could develop the nation’s transcontinental railroad

• Charters first transcontinental railroad

  • Relying on Irish and Chinese immigrant labor

(1854) Treaty of Kanagawa: Forced Japan to open trade with US

• Ending Japanese isolationism

• Matthew Perry

President Polk: Mexican American War

President James K. Polk was big on Manifest Destiny

(1846-48) Mexican-American War: Driven by US expansionism and annexation of Texas resulting in mass territorial gain (Mexican Cession)

• Annexation of Texas: Mexico considered Texas a rebellious province, annexation was seen as a provocation

  • Large territory with slaves, what would this mean for the balance of power

• Border disputes: US claims the Rio Grande as border, Mexico maintains the Nueces River

  • Polk claims that “American blood had been spilled on American soil” → Spot Resolution (“Point to the exact spot bruh” - Abraham Lincoln)

US captures majors cities and blockades Mexico → cripples economy

(1848) Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: Mexico cedes land to US Mexican Cession

• California, Texas, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and parts of New Mexico

• Will this give the South more power in congress?

(1846) Wilmot Proviso: Failed proposal to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexican cession

• Blocked by Senate where Southern, pro-slavery interests were strong

• Free Soil Party: Short-lived but wanted to prevent slavery in land gained from Mexican Cession “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men”

  • Argued on the basis that slavery restricted opportunities for white settelers

Whig Party: Divided over annexation of Texas (?)

Rising Tensions

Compromises = band-aids

Popular Sovereignty: States would decide whether to allow slavery or not

• Campaigned by Stephan Douglass

• Unorganized, no direct rules for how

(1850) Compromise of 1850: California wants to be admitted as a free state (MAIN CAUSE)

                I. California admitted as a free state

                II. Abolished DC slave trade

                III. Popular sovereignty for Mexican Cession lands (Utah and New Mexico)

                IV. Strengthened Fugitive Slave Law

• Angered Northerners big time

                V. Texas gets paid $10 million

(1854) Kansas-Nebraska Act: Stated that popular sovereignty will decide free/slave state status

• Both territories are ABOVE 36º30º line → throws off the Missouri Compromise

• (1854-61) Bleeding Kansas: People flooded to Kansas to be able to vote for their ideology

• Senator Sumner Beating: Bro was beat after speaking out against the spread of slavery following the events of Bleeding Kansas

(1857) Dred Scott Decision: Scott was brought to a free state, but returned as an enslaved man when he moved back to a state with slavery

• States that African Americans are not citizens

• Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

  • Claims government could not determine the status of territories as a free/slave state, meaning slavery could expand anywhere

(1859) Harpers Ferry Raid: Abolitionist John Brown led a raid on the federal armory aiming to arm and ignite a slave rebellion

Formation of Republican Party (1854)

Consisted of Free Soil Party supports (ones who didn’t want slavery to spread via Mexican Cession, anti-slavery Whigs, Northern Democrats)

• Main support came from North

• Restrict slavery expansion, economic basis, not moral

• Build infrastructure

• Increase protective tariffs

(Industry driven)

Causes of the Civil War

Election of 1860: Stephen Douglas (Popular Sovereignty Campaign-er) vs. Abraham Lincoln

• (1860) South Carolina secedes from the Union

Civil War

(1861-65)

War of Attrition: Who can outlast who?

South (Confederate)

• Led by Jefferson Davis

• Plagued with economic problems (inflation, high taxes, starvation, and class disparity)

• Strong generals (Robert E. Lee)

• Home-field advantage

• Willing to die for their cause

North (Union)

• Had material advantage due to infrastructure of railroads and telegraph lines were already established

• More people

• Anaconda Plan: Plan to blockade the South, control the Mississippi, and squeeze the Confederacy into submission

• Ulysses S. Grant

Purpose of the War

Originally to preserve the Union (North) and “protect states’ rights” (South)

(1863) Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln reframes the war as a struggle against slavery

• Prevented anti-slavery Europeans (Britain and France) from supporting Confederate cause

13th Amendment: No slaves in the Confederacy (slaves states in the Union maintained their slaves)

Battles

(1861) Fort Sumter: First shots of the American Civil War

(1861) Battle of Bull Run: Humiliating Union defeat, proving war was not going to be short

(1862) Antietam: First Union victory

(Emancipation Proclamation)

(1863) Battle of Gettysburg: Union victory alas

(1863) Battle of Vicksburg: Gives Union full control over Mississippi River and cuts Confederates in half

(1864) Sherman’s March to the Sea: Split the South in half to weaken them

• Scorched Earth tactics

(1865) Surrender at Appomattox

Reconstruction

How to readmit Confederate states into the Union?

Lincolns 10% Plan: Very minimal

• 10% of voter had to pledge loyalty to the Union

• Lincoln was assassinated before he could enforce it

Andrew Johnson’s Plan

• Total FAILURE

• Offered amnesty and property restoration to Confederates pledging loyalty

• Enabled Black Codes

Congress’ Plan

• 13th/14th/15th Amendments: Free/Citizens/Vote

• Barred major Confederate leaders from political positions

• (1867) Military Reconstruction Act: American soldiers stay in South to enforce Reconstruction policies

Successful?

Very corrupt

• High taxes to pay for Reconstruction was corrupted by politicians

• Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws prevented the assimilation of Black Americans into society

  • Established literacy tests, poll taxes, and the Grandfather Clause

President Hayes (Republican):

• Compromise of 1877: Made deal with Democrats that if he won he would withdraw soldiers from the South and end Reconstruction

• Enabled democrats to take power once again in the South

Other Groups to Consider

Women

• Still don’t have rights

African Americans

• Aided by Freedmen’s Bureau

• Sharecropping: Farmed another landlord’s land to make money, but had to give some crop to landlord

  • Vicious cycle of debt

  • Enslaved-like conditions

• Frederick Douglass: Gave fiery speeches, ‘What to the slave is the Fourth of July”

• Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Immigrants

• Came from China, Ireland, and Germany

  • (1848) California Gold Rush

• Settled in Ethnic enclaves “ghettos”

• European revolutions brought them here (Revolutions of 1848)

• Nativism developed alongside overcrowding and city life

Native Americans

• (1864) Sand Creek Massacre: Colorado militia attacks peaceful village over tensions about westward migration and

  • Escalates into the Plains Indian Wars

Period 6 (1865-1898)

Gilded Age: Looks good on the outside, but it is lowkey (highkey) poop in the inside - Mark Twain

• Rich people were really the only people prospering

• During Reconstruction

New South

Lost Cause: Idealizing the antebellum Old South while recreating it in the New South

Argues that South should lock in so they would not be inferior to the North

• Remain mainly agrarian

• White redemers take control of South

Industrial Revolution

By the 1900s, the US becomes the leading global industrial power

Government and businesses become incredibly intertwined through laissez-faire policies → corruption

Panic of 1873: Severe economic collapse due to overproduction and overspeculation

• Farmers and debtors impacted the most

• Distracts from Reconstruction

Innovations

Alexander Graham Bell - Telephone

• Women gain jobs as switchboard workers

Thomas Edison - Electric Lightbulb

• Increases productivity hours

Nikola Tesla - AC Power

Skyscrapers - 1st Skyscraper built in 1885 (Chicago)

Bessemer Process: Cheap, strong steel

Electric Streetcars: Enabled people to live outside of the city and commute more easily

Abuses of the Railroad Industry and Others

Second Industrial Revolution enabled the creation of new industries (Railroad, Oil, and Steel)

Generated great wealth inequalities → social inequalities

Overspeculation: Land was bought for cheap and sold for higher prices

• Massive overinvestment in railroads, factories, and mine

Rebates: Discounts given to favorable shippers

Monopolies: A single company or entity has exclusive control over an industry

• Vertical Integration: Controls all aspects of manufacturing, increasing efficiency and decreasing overall spending

• Horizontal Integration: Buying out or forcing competitors to merge to control all competition

Robber Barons

Vanderbilt - Railroads

Carnegie - Steel

J.P. Morgan - Banking

Rockefeller - Oil

Government Regulation?

Laissez-Faire: “Hands-off” government approach

Farmers’ Cooperative: Aimed to fight monopolistic practices by pooling farmers’ equipment, lobbying for antitrust laws, and collectively bypassing middlemen

• The Grange: Notable farmer’s organization that urged state laws to protect farmers’ interests

(1877) Munn v. Illinois: Affirmed that states could regulate private property if it was devoted to public use

• Victory for farmers

• Wabash: States cannot regulate interstate commerce

  • Leads to Interstate Commerce Act

(1887) Interstate Commerce Act: Oversees interstate commerce

• Creates Interstate Commerce Commission

• Federal government oversees interstate commerce

• Banned rate fixing, rebates, forced companies to publish rates

• First to regulate big businesses in favor of society

• Not effective until progressive era (1900s) – Subsequent court rulings were often in favor of railroads anyways

(1890) Sherman Anti-Trust Act: Outlawed trusts and monopolies that fixed prices and snuffed out competition

• Ineffective once again, used to suppress labor unions

  • Treated unions like monopolies instead, for “impeding interstate commerce”

• Contrast with (1914) Clayton Anti-Trust Act which was actually effective

Labor Unions

Faced significant challenges as they were view as radical

• Yellow-Dog Contracts: Workers forced to sign contracts to not join a union

• Blacklisting: Banned from working or were not hired   

  • Similar to Hollywood blacklists during Red Scare (McCarthyism)

(1866) National Labor Union: First attempt to organize all workers across the country

• Movement wasn’t sustained because it transitioned to a failed political party

(1869) Knights of Labor: Opens union to all (including women and Black Americans)

• Terence Powderly

• Initially more successful because of diverse enrollment

• More social-issue driven

• Decline after Haymarket Riot (1886): Linked the union to a bomb based on weak evidence

(1886) American Federation of Labor: Most important

• Samuel Gompers

• Focused on skilled workers only

• Not social-focused: wanted higher wages and improved working conditions

• Becomes biggest union

Labor Unrest

(1877) Great Railroad Strike: Nationwide strike protesting wage cuts and poor working conditions

• Shut down by military

(1886) Haymarket Square Bombing: Leads to the decrease in popularity of the Knights of Labor

(1892) Homestead Strike: Workers go on strike against Carnegie’s wage cuts

• Damages Carnegie’s reputation

(1894) Pullman Strike: Nationwide railroad boycott in response to wage cuts

• President Hayes sends federal troops to break it

Gilded Age Politics

(1883) Pendleton Act: Ends Spoils System with competitive exams

• Merit-based system oh yeah

Political Parties

Heavily tied to businesses with both parties being pro business: corrupt, corrupt, corrupt

• Republicans: Freedman, businessmen, Middle class

• Democrats: Political machines, immigrants

• Populists: Pushed for government regulation of big businesses (railroads)

  • (1860-1910) Agricultural Revolution: Farming becomes commercialized causing falling prices, abuses of railroad industry, high cost of machinery, tight money supply, and high tariffs

  • (1892) Omaha Platform: Party program

    • Bimetallism: Free and unlimited coinage of silver

    • Graduated income tax

    • Referendum and Reform

    • 17th Amendment: Direct election of senators

  • Fades after Election of 1896 because Democrats take on the reforms

Political Machines

Tammany Hall: (Democrat, NY) Promises to “help out” urban poor and immigrants in return for their vote, utilizing intimidation

• Boss Tweed exposed by Thomas Nast ‘s political cartoons

Provided basic welfare to the urban poor and immigrants

• Graft: Usage of illegal or sketchy tactics along with power to achieve a personal gain

Reconstruction

(1896) Plessy v. Ferguson: “Separate but equal”

• Protects Jim Crow laws and segregation

The West

Economy

Boom-bust cycle

Mining Industry

• Caused conflicts with Natives conditions were very poor

Cattle Industry

• Vaqueros: Mexican cowboys who have been dong this for a while

• Unstable: Overgrazing, harsh winters, and barbed wire

Society

Melting Pot Society (Chinese, Vaqueros, African Americans, and Mormons)

• Exodusters: African Americans who moved west to escape segregation in the South

Native American Conflict

Overhunting of bison (Sioux, Comanche, and Blackfoot) and encroachment on Native lands led to tensions

(1864) Sand Creek Massacre: Colorado militia kills over 100 Natives (many were women and children)

(1876) Battle of Little Bighorn/Custer’s Last Stand: Sioux Tribe defeats 7th Calvary (Custer’s Last Stand)

• Momentary victory

Chief Joseph attempts to lead Nez Perce tribe into Canada

(1880-90s) Ghost Dance Movement: Cultural/religious revival believed to get rid of the encroaching white settlers, way to unite surrounding tribes and embrace Native cultures

• Obviously US government does not like this

• (1890) Battle of Wounded Knee: Massacre of Natives by US Army

  • Marks end of major Native wars on the frontier

Attempts at Assimilation

Carlisle Boarding School: Intended to destroy culture of Natives through assimilation

(1887) Dawes Severalty Act: Ends tribal ownership of land by splitting the land in 160 acre farms

• The Natives could obtain citizenship if they lived on the land and became “civilized” if they farmed the way Americans did

• Remaining land is sold to settlers, often the best land

Urbanization

Growing inequality between the poor and the rich

Massive population boom

• Tenements: Poorly constructed housing with lack of waste disposal, clean water, and poor ventilation

  • Spread diseases like cholera and tuberculosis

• Communities become segregated

  • Redlining: African Americans denied loans/mortgages

  • Ethnic enclaves: Chicago, San Francisco China Town

Society

Immigration

Old Immigrants (Post 1880s)

• Northern/Western Europe (England, Ireland, Germany)

• Largely Protestant (Except for Catholic Irish)

• Literate and skilled

• Easier to assimilate

• Came from countries with democracy

New Immigrants (Pre-1880s)

• Southern/Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Poland, Greece)

• Mostly were not Protestant (Catholic or Jewish, etc.)

• Illiterate and unskilled

• Harder to assimilate

• Viewed as anarchists

Chinese Immigration

Massive increase in Chinese immigration due to 1848 Gold Rush and First Transcontinental Railroad (1863)

• Spike in nativism

(1882) Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: Banned further immigration of Chinese laborers

(1892) Ellis Island: Opens immigrant processes station

• “Island of Hope/Tears”

Urban Society

Political Machines: Took advantage of immigrants and urban poor

• Utilized intimidation to earn political votes (stood by the ballot box)

Gospel of Wealth: Rich people have a divine responsibility to share with less fortunate

• Echoed by Carnegie

• Robber barons built schools, music halls,

Social Darwinism: Utilizes theory of evolution to “justify” economic superiority of white men

• We shouldn’t help the lower class → against the natural order

• ECONOMIC NOT GENETIC

Social Gospel: Christians have responsibility to help immigrants and less fortunate individuals

• Help your neighbors bruh

• Jane Addams Settlement Houses (majority immigrants)

  • Learned about them from England

  • Provided substance abuse help, taught English, wow we so atl

  • Hull House We help immigrants and urban poor → provide them with access to education

Societal Ideas

Emphasis on hard work

• Horatio Alger: “Rags to riches” idea that hard work leads to success

• Andre Carnegie: Scottish Immigrant → one of the richest men alive

Drives reform in the Progressive Movement (1900s)

African Americans Responses

Booker T. Washington

• Was born into slavery

• Racial accomodation

  • Accept discrimination for the time being and elevate themselves through hard work

• Gradual approach

• Founded (1881) Tuskegee Institute: Historically black college

• THINK: But Wait (Gradual) Booker T. Washington

W.E.B. Du Bois

• 1st African American to get a Ph. D from Harvard

• Immediate approach

• Founded (1909) NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Closing of the Frontier

Turner Thesis: Claimed that the Frontier had closed in 1890, while asserting the importance of the frontier in developing an American identity

(1889) Oklahoma Land Rush: Last “rush” for land

• Originally reserved for Natives (Indian Removal Act of 1830)

Closing of the frontier can be seen as a cause for imperialism

Period 7 (1890-1945)

1890: Spanish American War

1945: End of World War II

US Expansion Abroad

Frontier is closed (1890) → Look abroad for new economic ventures

Industrial Revolution (1790-1914)

Motives for Imperialism

Economic

• Raw materials and markets for products generated by the Industrial Revolution

Political

• Compete with other colonial powers (Europe and Japan)

Military

• Acquire strategic naval bases

• Alfred T. Mahan: The Influence of Sea Power, emphasizing importance of a strong navy

Ideological

• White Man’s Burden

• Social Darwinism applied to foreign affairs

  • Claim that Anglo-Saxon race is superior

Hawaii

1820s American missionaries go to Hawaii

Sugar and pineapple planters but up land

• Dole Family

Growing push to annex Hawaii due to growing interest in Hawaii

Queen Liluokalani wanted independence

• Overthrown in 1893 by big plantation owners who stages a revolt

(1898) Hawaii is annexed

• Grover Cleveland doesn’t annex, but McKinley does

  • Cleveland was anti-expansionist (opposed unjust land grabs)

(1889-98) Spanish-American War

US is economically (sugar plantations) interested in Cuba, dragging us into the conflict of the Cuban Revolt

• USS Maine explosion, “Blame the Maine on Spain”

  • Mysterious sinking of American Battleship in Havana Harbor, Cuba

  • USS Maine was sent to Havana Harbor to protect American economic interest during Cuban War of Independence against Spain

• Yellow Journalism: Amplifies public reactions

  • Sensational with exaggerated facts and emotions

• De Lôme Letter: Letter from Spanish Minister calling President McKinley weak, intercepted by Cuban rebels and published

  • Attack on American pride

• (1898) Teller Amendment: US will not take over Cuba

  • Replaced by (1901) Platt Amendment: Limiting Cuban freedom

    • US and intervene to restore “peace and order”

    • Cuba cannot sign treaties with foreign powers

    • Naval base established in Guantanamo Bay

    • Generates resentment

(1892) Treaty of Paris: We gained new territories from Spanish American War (war is only one year)

• Anti-Imperialist League: Do not want to ratify the Treaty of Paris

  • Samuel Gompers, Carnegie, and Mark Twain

• What do we do with it?

Impacts of the Spanish-American War

Puerto Rico

(1900) Foraker Act: Limits Puerto-Rican freedom

• Granted limited popular sovereignty

(1901) Insular Cases: Affirmed that Constitutional rights do NOT automatically extend American territories

Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo Fights for Filipino independence against Spain with US

• Assumes that full independence would be granted after the war (does not happen)

Brutal guerilla war will occur (Philippine-American War)

• Independence gained in 1946

• Anti-Imperialist League against annexation for fear that it would taint American national identity

China

American wants to solidify a role in Chinese affairs

• Other nations have already established a Sphere of Influence

• Establishes the (1899) Open Door Policy, giving equal access to all of China

Chinese do not like this obviously → Boxer Rebellion (Unsuccessful)

Roosevelt Expansionism

Panama Canal: Would cut time and costs of travel

• Originally denied by Columbia, but then Roosevelt helps Panama independence movement

  • Successful → Allowing the Panama canal to be created

Roosevelt’s Big Stick: Speak softly, but always carry a big stick

• Start with diplomacy but always have a fall back that is forceful

(1904) Roosevelt Corollary: US has the right to intervene and police Latin America

• Latin American countries owed Europe money, US fears Europe will continue to interfere

Russo-Japanese War: Japan destroys Russia

• US becomes concerned with growing power of Japan

• (1908) Gentlemen’s Agreement: US will pressure California to repeal nativist laws while Japan secretly restrains Japanese emigration to the US

(1908) Great White Fleet: Symbolizes growing US power, a way to show off

*McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson all want to increase and push for US involvement in global affairs believing it will promote US as a global superpower

Progressivism

Counter reaction to gilded aged plagued by corruption, big businesses, and social inequality

(1890-1920s) Progressive Movement: Use of government power to reform society

• Rejects laissez-faire, but not radical (no socialism)

• Very diverse!

• Compare to Age of Reform (1830s) and New Deal (1930s)

Populists: Aggrieved farmers advocating radical reforms

• Reform through government

• Famers united against big boy businesses of the Industrial Revolution

Progressives

Muckrakers: Reform-minded journalisms

• Jacob Riis: “How the Other Half Lives” - Slum Like

• Upton Sinclair: “The Jungle” Meat-packing industry

  • Advocates for socialism

• Ida B. Wells: Detailed horrors of lynching

• Ida Tarbell: “The History of the Standard Oil Company” - Exposing monopolies

Women

Counters the Cult of Domesticity

• National Child Labor Committee, National Consumer’s League

Preservationism – No touch

• John Moore “Sienna Club”

Conservationism – Touch Responsibly

• Theodore Roosevelt

Urban Reforms

Settlement House

• Florence Kelley and James Addams

States begin to fight against corporate control → restore faith in American political system

• Secret Ballot: Who you vote for is kept secret

• Initiatives: Process to propose a law

• Recall: Can remove politicians before term ends

• Referendums: Voters directly vote on an issue

• 17th Amendment: Direct election of senators

Temperance

• Women’s Christian Temperance Union: Personal prohibition

• Anti-Saloon League: Legal prohibition

Made workers more productive and argued on a moral basis

Women’s Suffrage

• National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA): State by state approach to women’s suffrage

• (1920) 19th Amendment: Gives women the right to vote

Roosevelt Policies

Domestic

Wants to EXPAND role of the government

Progressive presidents: Roosevelt, Taft, and Woodrow Wilson

• (1902) Coal Miners Strike of 1902: Roosevelt sides with workers threatening to run the mines with troops

  • Contrast to Great Railroad Strike of 1977 with Hayes and Pullman Strike 1894 with Cleveland

Square Deal: Corporations, consumers, and conservation

• Roosevelt is a Trustbuster he sees good and bad trusts

  • Good trusts regulate themselves and do not get rid of competition

  • (1903) Elkins Act: Increased penalties for rate rebates

  • (1906) Hepburn Act: ICC can set maximum rates of railroads

• Overall strengthens the originally ineffective Interstate Commerce Commission

• Protects consumers as laissez-faire did not

  • (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act: Creates FDA

• Conservation is not a huge problem however…

  • Sierra Club - John Muir, preserve the environment

William Taft

Taft continues progressive policies of trust-busting and conservationism

Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy: A dollar for a bullet

• Initiate and compete with foreign nations through economic ventures instead of direct military intervention

Triple Wall of Privilege

• Reduces tariffs

• (1914) Clayton Antitrust Act: Increases powers of Sherman Antitrust Act by not persecuting labor unions

• (1913) Federal Reserve Act: Enabled federal government to regulate money supply and increase/decrease as needed

  • Exacerbated by Panic of 1907: Showed problems of tight money supply

16th Amendment: Graduated income tax

Election of 1912

Taft: Republicans

Teddy Roosevelt: Bull Moose Party

• Because he felt as strong as a Bull Moose or whatever after a failed assassination

Woodrow Wilson: Democrat

Woodrow Wilson

Foreign Policy

Moral Diplomacy: Aims to promote democracy to other countries

• Pursue less imperialistic policies and improve relations with Panama and Philippines

• Not afraid to intervene

Huerta becomes leader of Mexico (military dictator)

• Pancho Villa leads raids across the border, killing Americans

  • (1916) General John J. Pershing sent to arrest him

World War I

Causes

MAIN

M: Militarism - We want to show of our new and improved military

A: Alliances - Series of alliances turns the war into a global conflict

I: Imperialism - US wants to exert power oversees to become a global superpower

N: Nationalism - People were lowkey eager to go to war since there hasn’t been a war and it seems as though going to war would be a moment of national unification

• “Boys will be home by Christmas”

US Neutrality

US tries to remain neutral during the war, but was never completely neutral

• Strong connection with the Allies

• Growing Anti-German sentiment (they were not democratic)

• American manufacturers were invested into Allied cause economically (trade and loans)

(1915) Sinking of the Lusitania: British sink was sunk by German U-Boats, American passengers are on board

• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Germany promises to not sink anymore ships

(1916) Sussex Incident: French boat was torpedoed, American citizens are on board

(1917) Zimmerman Telegram: Germany asks Mexico to invade US, promising to help them recover lost territory

• Intercepted by Britain, provokes the US

(1917) US formally enters the war

Mobilizing for War

Selective Service Act: Draft for soldiers

American Expeditionary Force: Training whatever army we already had (Pershing)

Financed by War Bonds loans from the citizen to the government

Federal government and businesses work together to mobilize for war

• National War Labor Board: Prevent strikes and mediate disputes for the sake of the war effort

  • AFL supports war effort

• War Industries Board: Set production priorities

• US Food Administration: Encourages rationing

(1917) Committee on Public Information: Creates advertisements for the war and enlistment

(1917) Espionage Act: You cannot interfere with the draft/war effort → viewed as helping the enemy

(1918) Sedition Act: You cannot talk bad about the government

• Think back to the Sedition Act of 1798 under Adams and to PATRIOT Act

• (1919) Schenck v. US: Passed out anti-draft leaflets, argues on the behalf of the 1st amendment

  • Civil liberties < National Security

Impact on Society

(1910-30) First Great Migration: African Americans move to cities such as Chicago and New York in search of jobs and to escape Jim Crow Laws

(1919) Race Riots break out due to demographic changes in urban areas following the war

Women take up factory jobs

• (1920) 19th Amendment

Post-WWI Settlement

Wilson’s 14 Points: Peace without victory, very idealistic

• Freedom of the sease

• Free trade

• Reduction of arms

• No more colonies

• No more secret alliances

• League of Nations: Not passed by Congress due to fear of being dragged into foreign affairs

(1919) Treaty of Versailles

14 Points widely rejected

League of Nations created, US does not join

Germany forced to accept War Guilt Clause

• Pay crazy reparations and partition of German land

US becomes mainly isolationist after this, they do not want another world war

• Originally called the “Great War” because they didn’t know there would be another

Period 8 (1945-80)

1945: End of World II

1980: Election of Ronald Reagan

Roaring Twenties

Was the roaring twenties really roaring?

US is doing well after WWI because we joined late and did not have to suffer through the main bulk of the war

• US industrialization was a key reason for Allied success → wealthy and strong economy post-war

First Red Scare (1917-20)

Driven by fear and paranoia

(1917) Bolshevik Revolution: Instills fear regarding communism

Nativism grew surrounding South/Eastern European immigrants who did not come from democratic nations

• Germany, who was the main offender, was also not democratic

Demographic changes with the influx of Black and Mexican immigrants disturbed racist White Americans

• (1919) Race Riots: Series of violent uprisings targeting African Americas

  • Mainly in large urban cities (Chicago, New York, etc.)

• (1919-20) Palmer Raids: Series of government actions conducted to arrest and deport any radicals

  • No sufficient evidence or due process

Immigration

Red scare underscores nativist beliefs

• (1921) Quota Act of 1921: Limits immigration to 3% of residents from the country in the US

• (1924) National Quota Act of 1924: Further limits immigration to 2%

Banned Japanese and Asian immigration altogether

Unrestricted migration from Western Hemisphere

• Needed Mexican migrants for labor supply

  • Continues after WWII (Bracero Program)

KKK greatly expands influence in 1920s

Sacco and Vanzetti Case: Two Italian immigrants charged and executed on the basis of murder and robbery

• Tensions increased as many believed the charge was driven by nativism

Economic Growth

Most Americans live in urban areas

Buying power increases as everyone was rationing during total war effor

Consumerism: Created a unified National identity of Americans who could afford luxury goods

• Mainly geared towards women

• Electrical appliances

• Credit is established, “buy now, pay later” → debt

Stock market was incredibly successful

• Buying on Margin: Borrowing large amounts of money to buy stock

  • Becomes big problem when market crashes…

Mass Media

Radio: Enables the creation of a common experience

Movie industry grows creating celebrity culture and national figures

• Babe Ruth

Changing Society

Women

Jazz, drinking, and dancing all challenged traditional gender roles

Electrical appliances allowed women to have more free time

Flappers symbolized new, independent lifestyle for women

Margaret Sanger: Advocates for right of birth control as “privacy”

Prohibition

(1919) 18th Amendment: Prohibition banning the manufacturing, sale, and consumption of alcohol

• Speakesies: Illegal clubs that sold alcohol

• Rise of organized crime due to understaffed law enforcement

  • Al Capone: Italian crime man who did bad things

Prohibition is a failure

African Americans

Oppression continues with the resurgence of the KKK, persistence of Jim Crow Laws, lynching, etc.

Harlem Renaissance: Cultural Revival of African Americans

• Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong

• Elicits sense of Black Pride

Marcus Garvey: argued that Black Americans should move to Africa to achieve equality (seperatist)

Fundamentalism

Sway against the craziness, calls for the literal intepretation of the Bible

• Billy Sundat

Great Depression

World War II

Continuity and Change

Unlike post WWI, US plays a crucial role in global affairs

• Post WWI: US does not join League of Nations

• Post WWII: US joins United Nations

  • Similarities between Wilson’s 14 Points and Atlantic Charter

Containment

(1947) Truman Doctrine: Offers financial aid to Greece and Turkey

• Successful

Marshall Plan: Billions of financial aid to rebuild Western Europe

• Successful version of Post WWI Dawes Plan

Side Notes/Thematic Connections

First vs. Second Industrial Revolution

First Industrial Revolution

Creation of factories

• Steam engine allows it to be built

Growth of textiles

Iron

Second Industrial Revolution

Fordism

Mechanized machinery

Steel

Electricity

Chemicals