Livy's History of Rome: Key Points

The Kings of Alba Longa (Livy 1.3)

  • Ascanius, son of Aeneas, was succeeded by his son Silvius, who was born in the forest.

  • Silvius became the father of Aeneas Silvius, who fathered Latinus Silvius.

  • Latinus Silvius established colonies known as Prisci Latini.

  • The name "Silvius" was a common cognomen for the kings of Alba Longa.

  • The kings of Alba Longa included Alba, Atys, Capys, Capetus, Tiberinus.

  • Tiberinus drowned in the Albula river, which was then renamed the Tiber River.

  • Following Tiberinus came Agrippa, then Romulus Silvius.

  • Romulus Silvius was struck by lightning and was succeeded by his son Aventinus.

  • Aventinus' shrine was located on the Aventine Hill, now part of Rome.

  • Proca succeeded Aventinus and had two sons, Numitor and Amulius.

  • Numitor, the elder son, was bequeathed the throne but Amulius expelled him and seized the crown.

  • Amulius murdered Numitor's sons and made his daughter, Rhea Silvia, a Vestal Virgin to prevent her from having children.

The Birth and Upbringing of Romulus and Remus (Livy 1.4)

  • Fate decreed the origin of Rome and its mighty empire.

  • Rhea Silvia, the Vestal Virgin, was forcibly violated and gave birth to twins.

  • She claimed Mars was the father of the twins.

  • Neither gods nor men protected Rhea Silvia and her children from King Amulius' cruelty.

  • Rhea Silvia was imprisoned, and the twins were ordered to be thrown into the river.

  • The Tiber River was overflowing, preventing access to the main channel.

  • The twins were exposed at the nearest overflow point near the Ficus Ruminalis, formerly called Romularis.

  • The location was a wild solitude.

  • A she-wolf, attracted by the crying of the children, suckled them and was gentle.

  • The king's shepherd, Faustulus, found the wolf licking the boys.

  • Faustulus took the children to his hut and gave them to his wife, Larentia, to raise.

  • Larentia was nicknamed "She-wolf" due to her unchaste life, which some believe is the origin of the story.

  • As young men, Romulus and Remus engaged in farming and hunting.

  • They attacked brigands and distributed the plunder to the shepherds.

  • They gathered a growing body of young men who joined them in serious undertakings, and in sports and pastimes.

The Twins’ Parentage Revealed (Livy 1.5)

  • The festival of the Lupercalia was celebrated on the Palatine Hill.

  • The Palatine Hill was originally called Pallantium, named after a city in Arcadia.

  • Evander, an Arcadian, introduced the annual festival from Arcadia in honor of Lycaean Pan (later called Inuus by the Romans).

  • During the Lupercalia festival, Romulus and Remus were ambushed by brigands angered by the loss of their plunder.

  • Romulus defended himself, but Remus was captured and brought before Amulius.

  • Remus was accused of invading Numitor's lands with a band of young men and stealing plunder.

  • Remus was handed over to Numitor for punishment.

  • Faustulus had suspected the twins' royal offspring and waited for the right moment to reveal the truth.

  • Concerned for Remus' safety, Faustulus told Romulus the truth of their birth.

  • Numitor, observing Remus's age, character, and bearing, began to suspect he was his grandson.

  • Inquiries confirmed Numitor's suspicions, and Remus was recognized as Numitor's grandson.

  • King Amulius was being surrounded by hostile forces.

  • Romulus planned a coordinated attack on the palace, with assistance from Numitor and Remus.

  • The attack was successful, and King Amulius was killed.

The Downfall of King Amulius (Livy 1.6)

  • Numitor announced that an enemy was attacking the palace to draw Alban soldiers to the citadel.

  • After the assassination, Numitor convened a council and revealed Amulius' crimes, the story of his grandsons, and his recognition of them.

  • He informed them of the tyrant's death and his responsibility for it.

  • Romulus and Remus marched into the assembly, saluted their grandfather as king, and received the population's approval.

  • The government of Alba was transferred to Numitor.

  • Romulus and Remus desired to build a city where they had been exposed, with a population of Albans, Latins, and Shepards.

  • They hoped their new city would surpass Alba and Lavinium.

  • Ambition led to a quarrel over the new city.

  • As twins, they decided to consult the tutelary deities through augury to determine who would name and rule the city.

  • Romulus chose the Palatine Hill, and Remus chose the Aventine Hill for their observations.

The Founding of Rome (Livy 1.7)

  • Remus saw six vultures first, which was taken as an omen.

  • Romulus then saw twelve vultures.

  • Each side claimed to have received the correct omen, based on priority and number, respectively.

  • An angry altercation ensued, leading to bloodshed and Remus' death.

  • The more common account states that Remus jumped over the newly raised walls of the city and was killed by Romulus.

  • Romulus declared that anyone who leapt over his walls would suffer the same fate.

  • Romulus became the sole ruler, and the city was named after him.

  • His first act was to fortify the Palatine Hill.

  • He followed Alban customs for worship, but Greek rites for Hercules, as instituted by Evander.

The Growth of Rome (Livy 1.8)

  • Romulus convened a council after establishing religious practices.

  • He gave them laws to unite the people and inspired awe by assuming symbols of power.

  • Romulus surrounded himself with greater state and appointed twelve lictors.

  • The city expanded as walls were built in various directions in anticipation of a larger population.

  • Romulus aimed to increase the city's population to prevent weakness.

  • He followed the ancient practice of city founders by attracting people of obscure origin and claiming they were children of the soil.

  • Romulus opened a refuge between two groves near the Capitol.

  • A crowd of freemen and slaves from neighboring states fled to Rome, increasing its strength.

  • Satisfied with the city's strength, Romulus created a hundred senators, called 'Patres', and their descendants were called 'Patricians'.