Livy's History of Rome: Key Points
The Kings of Alba Longa (Livy 1.3)
Ascanius, son of Aeneas, was succeeded by his son Silvius, who was born in the forest.
Silvius became the father of Aeneas Silvius, who fathered Latinus Silvius.
Latinus Silvius established colonies known as Prisci Latini.
The name "Silvius" was a common cognomen for the kings of Alba Longa.
The kings of Alba Longa included Alba, Atys, Capys, Capetus, Tiberinus.
Tiberinus drowned in the Albula river, which was then renamed the Tiber River.
Following Tiberinus came Agrippa, then Romulus Silvius.
Romulus Silvius was struck by lightning and was succeeded by his son Aventinus.
Aventinus' shrine was located on the Aventine Hill, now part of Rome.
Proca succeeded Aventinus and had two sons, Numitor and Amulius.
Numitor, the elder son, was bequeathed the throne but Amulius expelled him and seized the crown.
Amulius murdered Numitor's sons and made his daughter, Rhea Silvia, a Vestal Virgin to prevent her from having children.
The Birth and Upbringing of Romulus and Remus (Livy 1.4)
Fate decreed the origin of Rome and its mighty empire.
Rhea Silvia, the Vestal Virgin, was forcibly violated and gave birth to twins.
She claimed Mars was the father of the twins.
Neither gods nor men protected Rhea Silvia and her children from King Amulius' cruelty.
Rhea Silvia was imprisoned, and the twins were ordered to be thrown into the river.
The Tiber River was overflowing, preventing access to the main channel.
The twins were exposed at the nearest overflow point near the Ficus Ruminalis, formerly called Romularis.
The location was a wild solitude.
A she-wolf, attracted by the crying of the children, suckled them and was gentle.
The king's shepherd, Faustulus, found the wolf licking the boys.
Faustulus took the children to his hut and gave them to his wife, Larentia, to raise.
Larentia was nicknamed "She-wolf" due to her unchaste life, which some believe is the origin of the story.
As young men, Romulus and Remus engaged in farming and hunting.
They attacked brigands and distributed the plunder to the shepherds.
They gathered a growing body of young men who joined them in serious undertakings, and in sports and pastimes.
The Twins’ Parentage Revealed (Livy 1.5)
The festival of the Lupercalia was celebrated on the Palatine Hill.
The Palatine Hill was originally called Pallantium, named after a city in Arcadia.
Evander, an Arcadian, introduced the annual festival from Arcadia in honor of Lycaean Pan (later called Inuus by the Romans).
During the Lupercalia festival, Romulus and Remus were ambushed by brigands angered by the loss of their plunder.
Romulus defended himself, but Remus was captured and brought before Amulius.
Remus was accused of invading Numitor's lands with a band of young men and stealing plunder.
Remus was handed over to Numitor for punishment.
Faustulus had suspected the twins' royal offspring and waited for the right moment to reveal the truth.
Concerned for Remus' safety, Faustulus told Romulus the truth of their birth.
Numitor, observing Remus's age, character, and bearing, began to suspect he was his grandson.
Inquiries confirmed Numitor's suspicions, and Remus was recognized as Numitor's grandson.
King Amulius was being surrounded by hostile forces.
Romulus planned a coordinated attack on the palace, with assistance from Numitor and Remus.
The attack was successful, and King Amulius was killed.
The Downfall of King Amulius (Livy 1.6)
Numitor announced that an enemy was attacking the palace to draw Alban soldiers to the citadel.
After the assassination, Numitor convened a council and revealed Amulius' crimes, the story of his grandsons, and his recognition of them.
He informed them of the tyrant's death and his responsibility for it.
Romulus and Remus marched into the assembly, saluted their grandfather as king, and received the population's approval.
The government of Alba was transferred to Numitor.
Romulus and Remus desired to build a city where they had been exposed, with a population of Albans, Latins, and Shepards.
They hoped their new city would surpass Alba and Lavinium.
Ambition led to a quarrel over the new city.
As twins, they decided to consult the tutelary deities through augury to determine who would name and rule the city.
Romulus chose the Palatine Hill, and Remus chose the Aventine Hill for their observations.
The Founding of Rome (Livy 1.7)
Remus saw six vultures first, which was taken as an omen.
Romulus then saw twelve vultures.
Each side claimed to have received the correct omen, based on priority and number, respectively.
An angry altercation ensued, leading to bloodshed and Remus' death.
The more common account states that Remus jumped over the newly raised walls of the city and was killed by Romulus.
Romulus declared that anyone who leapt over his walls would suffer the same fate.
Romulus became the sole ruler, and the city was named after him.
His first act was to fortify the Palatine Hill.
He followed Alban customs for worship, but Greek rites for Hercules, as instituted by Evander.
The Growth of Rome (Livy 1.8)
Romulus convened a council after establishing religious practices.
He gave them laws to unite the people and inspired awe by assuming symbols of power.
Romulus surrounded himself with greater state and appointed twelve lictors.
The city expanded as walls were built in various directions in anticipation of a larger population.
Romulus aimed to increase the city's population to prevent weakness.
He followed the ancient practice of city founders by attracting people of obscure origin and claiming they were children of the soil.
Romulus opened a refuge between two groves near the Capitol.
A crowd of freemen and slaves from neighboring states fled to Rome, increasing its strength.
Satisfied with the city's strength, Romulus created a hundred senators, called 'Patres', and their descendants were called 'Patricians'.