Comprehensive English Grammar and Vocabulary Study Guide Units 1-12

Unit 1: Present Simple and Present Continuous Grammar

• Present Simple (المضارع البسفط) Keywords: Every (كل), always (ءالما), usually (عاءة), often (ذالبا), never (أبءا), rarely (ناءرا), sometimes (أءفانا), at weekends, on Fridays, twice a week.

• Stative Verbs (أفعال أقرفر الأالة): These verbs are always used in the Present Simple even if they refer to the present moment.     - Sensory: see, hear, smell, taste, touch.     - Possession: have, belong.     - Feelings/Preferences: love, like, hate, dislike, want, need.     - Cognition: think, believe, know, understand.

• Sentence Structure:     - Group 1: I, You, We, They → Infinitive (المصءر) / Negation: don't / Question: Do …?     - Group 2: He, She, It, Singular nouns → Verb + $s$ / Negation: doesn't / Question: Does …?

• Placement of Frequency Adverbs: They come before the main verb but after the verb "to be".     - Example: I always study at night.     - Example: I am always early for school.

• Present Continuous (المضارع المسءمر): Used for actions happening now or around now.     - Keywords: at the moment, at present, now (الآن), soon (قرفبا), next (القاءم), tomorrow (ذءا), Look!, Listen!, this week, tonight (اللفلة).     - Structure:         - I → am + verb with -ing         - He, She, It, Singular → is + verb with -ing         - We, You, They, Plural → are + verb with -ing

• Grammar Practice Examples:     - "What a pity! Mary’s sick and …her holiday." (b- isn't enjoying).     - "I … extra hours. It's the busy season at work." (b- 'm working).     - "We …with my parents until our flat is ready." (b- 're living).     - "I …… you have a new job." (a- hear).     - "Sorry, I …… the answer." (a- don't know).     - "That bright red car …… to you, sir?" (a- belongs).

Unit 1: Indirect Questions and Subject/Object Questions

• Indirect Questions (السؤال ذفر المبارش): Start with phrases like "Can you tell me…" or "Do you know…".     - If the question starts with an auxiliary verb, link using "if".     - If it starts with a question word (Wh-), link using that same word.     - Remove "Do", "Does", or "Did". If you remove "Does", add "s" to the verb. If you remove "Did", change the verb to the second form ($V2$).     - For other auxiliaries (be, modals, have), swap the subject and the auxiliary (subject comes first).     - Practice: "Do you know where… ?" (c- she works).     - Practice: "Can you tell me where …… stamps ?" (c- he is buy [sic - context implies 'he can buy' or similar]).

• Subject vs. Object Questions:     - If the phrase after the blank contains the object, we are asking about the subject. In this case, do not use did/does/do.     - Practice: "How many students (study) English in your class?" (Answer: study).     - Practice: "Which artist (painted) the 'Mona Lisa'?" (Answer: painted).     - Practice: "What (happened)! I thought you were on holiday?" (Answer: happened).     - If asking about the object, use did/does/do: "How many days (did you stay) in the hotel?"

Unit 1: Culture and Identity Vocabulary

• Identity Concepts: National identity (الهوفة الوطنفة), Global market (سوق عالمف), General opinion (الرأف العام), Cultural attack (هءمة ءقاففة), Traditional clothes (ملابس قءفمفة), First impression (الانطباع الأول), Positive view (نظرة افءابفة), Smart clothes (ملابس رسمفة).

• Collocations:     - Serious case (أالة آطرة).     - Social media (وساءل الءواصل).     - Responsibility (المسئولفة).     - Background (ألففة).     - Psychologist (عالم نفسف).

• Culture Terms: Globalization (العولمة), Traditions (ءقالفء), Symbols (رمر), Henna (الأناء), Funeral (ءنارة), Shepherd (راعف ذلذنام), Mutton (لأم الذأن).

• Adjectives: Remote (بعفء), Courteous (ملءب), Punctual (ءقفق فف المواعفء), Hospitable (مضفاف), Curious (فضولف).

• Colors and Moods:     - Red → Angry (ذاضب).     - Blue → Sad (أرفن).     - Yellow → Cheerful / Happy (مبءهء / سعفء).     - Green → Positive / Lucky (إفءابف).     - Black → Bad mood (أالم مراءفة سفئة).

Unit 2: Past Continuous, Present Perfect, and Performing Arts

• Past Continuous: Was/Were + Verb -ing.     - I, He, She, It, Singular → was + ing.     - We, You, They, Plural → were + ing.     - Linked with "While" / "As" (بفنما): While + Past Continuous, Past Simple.     - Linked with "When": When + Past Simple, Past Continuous.     - Example: While I was sleeping, he was studying (فعلفن فف الماضف المسءمر لأنهما لا فءقاطعان).

• Present Perfect (المضارع الءام): Has/Have + $V3$ (الءرصف الءالة).     - Keywords: Already, just (ءوا), yet (أءنف), since (منذ), for (لمذة), ever (هل سبق), never (أبءا), so far (أءنف الآن), lately / recently (مؤررا).     - For vs. Since:         - For + duration: an hour, a day, two weeks, 3 days, a long time, ages.         - Since + specific point: 1980, Friday, April, last year, he went to Paris.     - Been vs. Gone:         - Have been to: Went and returned (ذهب إلف مكان و عاء منه).         - Have gone to: Went and is still there (ذهب إلف مكان و لم فعء).

• Performing Vocabulary:     - Choreographer (مصمم الرقصاء).     - Busker (عارف الشارع).     - Sculptor (صانع الءماءفل).     - Conductor (قائء الفرقة الموسفقفة).     - Clown (مهرء).     - Choir (مآموعة المنشءفن).     - Audience (مساهء), Crowd (الذماهفر).     - Adjectives: Thrilling (رائع), Depressing (مأبط), Hilarious (مضأك), Catchy (أرس - آرس).

Unit 3: Past Simple, Past Perfect, and Water

• Past Simple (الماضف البسفط): $V2$ (ed or irregular).     - Keywords: Yesterday, ago, in the past, one day, once, in $1990$.     - Negation: didn't + $V1$. Question: Did … + $V1$?

• Past Perfect (Had + $V3$): Used for the earlier of two past actions.     - Keywords: after, before, by the time, when, until.     - Sequence: After + Had + $V3$, then Past Simple ($V2$).     - Sequence: Before + Past Simple ($V2$), then Had + $V3$.     - Practice: "Before the film … I had gone to the cinema." (Answer: started).     - Practice: "After he ……… a big meal at the restaurant, he fell ill." (Answer: had eaten).

• Adverbs of Manner: Created by adding -ly to adjectives.     - Angrily (بذضب), Happily (بسعاءة), Bravely (بشءاعة), Calmly (بهءوء).     - Irregular: easy → easily, noisy → noisily.

• Water Vocabulary:     - Seabed (قاع البأر), Wreck (أطام السفن), Debris (أطام الطائراء).     - Riverbank (ضفة النهر), Shore (شاطئ أآرف), Coast (ساأل).     - Activities: Rafting, Kayaking, Snorkeling, Jet-skiing, Windsurfing.     - Creatures: Crocodile (ءمساأ), Sea snake.     - Iceberg (ءبل آلفءف), Cargo (بضاعة منقولة).

• Word Focus: Get     - Get + adjective = become (Get angry).     - Get to = arrive at.     - Get + noun = obtain/receive.     - Get into = enter. Get out of = exit.     - Get off = descend from transport.     - Get over = recover from illness/problem.

Unit 4: Future Tenses, Modals, and Opportunities

• Future Simple:     - Will + infinitive: Unplanned actions, hopes, thoughts, and beliefs (Hope, believe, think, probably, sure).     - Be + going to + infinitive: Future plans for one person or evidence-based predictions.     - Present Continuous ($am/is/are + ing$): Future plans involving others or specific near-future time.

• Will Placement: Certainly, definitely, and probably come after "will" but before "won't".     - Example: He will certainly come.     - Example: He definitely won't come.

• Probability:     - May: $50\%$ probability.     - Might: $20\%$ probability.

• Opportunities Vocabulary:     - Professions: Firefighter (إطفائف), Referee (الأكم), Veterinary/Vet (بفطرف), Physicist/Scientist (عالم), Plumber (سباك), Apprentice (مءءرب مبءءف), Entrepreneur (الرواء المبءعفن).     - Education: Bachelor (البكالورفوس), Masters, Doctorate.     - Work Terms: Salary (راءب شهرف), Wage (راءب أسبوعف), Flexi-time (وقء عمل مرن), Overtime.     - Adjectives: Conscientious (مءقن عمله), Workaholic (مءمن علف العمل), Creative.

Unit 5: Obligation, Conditionals, and Wellbeing

• Obligation (الالرام):     - Must / Have to / Has to: Strong obligation.     - Had to: Past obligation.     - Mustn't / Can't: Prohibition (الالرام بعءم فعل رسفء سلبف).     - Don't have to / Needn't: Lack of obligation (لسء مضطر).     - Should: Advice (للنصأ).

• Zero Conditional: If + Present Simple, Present Simple.     - Used for scientific facts or universal truths.     - Example: If you heat water, it gets into vapor.

• First Conditional: If + Present Simple, Will + infinitive.     - Used for probable future events.     - Note: "Unless" (ما لم), "When", "Before", "After", "As soon as", "Until" follow the same grammar rules as "If".     - "Unless" = "If … not".

• Wellbeing Vocabulary:     - Health: Addiction (إءمان), Fatigue (إرهاق), Obesity (السمنة), Asthma (الربو), Allergies.     - Food: Handful (ملء قبضة الفء), Ingredient (المكوناء), Cereal, Poultry (الءواآن), Shrimps.     - Dining out: Book the table, order a drink, pay the bill, leave a tip.     - Phrasal Verbs: Cut down on (فقلل أمفة), Cut out (فءوقف عن), Take up (فبءأ ممارسة).

Unit 6: Deductions, Purpose Clauses, and Mysteries

• Deduction (اسءنءاء):     - Present: Must be ($100\%$ positive), Can't be ($100\%$ negative), May/Might/Could ($50\%$ unsure).     - Past: Must have + $V3$, Can't have + $V3$, May/Might/Could have + $V3$.     - Continuous: Must be + ing (فعل فقءف الآن).

• Purpose Clause:     - To / In order to + infinitive.     - For + noun or verb -ing.     - So that + subject + can/could + infinitive.

• Mysteries Vocabulary:     - Meteorite (نفرك), Atmosphere (السلال الأوف), Eyewitness (شاهء), Landslide (انهفار أرضف).     - Navigating: Navigator, GPS, Buoy (عوامة), Cable.     - Investigation: Evidence, Remains (رفاء / أار), Prove, Arrest.

• Word Focus: Long     - All day long / All night long.     - As long as (طالما).     - A long way from.     - Won't be long (لن أءأر).

Unit 7: Used to/Would, Comparison, and Living Space

• Used to vs. Would:     - Used to + infinitive: Past habits or past states. (I used to have black hair).     - Would + infinitive: Past repeated actions/habits only. Cannot be used with stative verbs ($be$, $have$, $love$, etc.).

• Comparison:     - Adjective + er + than / More + adjective + than.     - Superlative: The + adjective + est / The most + adjective.     - Double comparison: "Faster and faster" (للءأكفء).     - Correlative: "The + comparative, the + comparative" (The faster you walk, the sooner you arrive).     - Equality: $as + adj + as$. Negation: $not + as + adj + as$.

• Living Space Vocabulary:     - Habitat (موطن طبفعف), Downtown, Chimney (مءرنة), Skyscraper (ناطقاء السأاب).     - Materials: Bricks (طوب), Concrete (رسانة), Stilt (ءعامة).     - Descriptions: Cramped (مرءأم بالماس), Anonymous, Pristine (نفف صافف).

Unit 8: Gerunds/Infinitive and Travel

• Gerund (Verb -ing): Used as a subject, after prepositions, and after specific verbs (stop, enjoy, finish, suggest, imagine, enjoy).

• To + Infinitive: Used after adjectives, to show purpose, and after specific verbs (want, would like, decide, hope, promise, agree, refuse).

• Meaning Changes:     - Remember/Regret + ing: Refer to the past.     - Remember/Regret + to: Refer to a duty/future action.     - Stop + ing: Quit an activity.     - Stop + to: Pause to do something else.

• Travel Vocabulary:     - Ecotourism (سفاأة بفئفة), Backpacking, Cruise (رألة بأرفة).     - Documentation: Boarding card, baggage allowance, customs check, passport control.     - Sickness: Travel sickness, sea sickness, jetlagged (إرهاق فرق الءوقفء).

• Word Focus: Take     - Take place = occur. Take part in = participate.     - Take off = planes leaving / removing clothes. Take up = start a hobby.

Unit 9: Passive Voice, Quantifiers, and Shopping

• Passive Voice Structure: Object + Be + $V3$     - Present Simple: am/is/are + $V3$.     - Past Simple: was/were + $V3$.     - Continuous: am/is/are + being + $V3$.     - Present Perfect: have/has + been + $V3$.

• Quantifiers:     - Countable: Many, several, a few, a couple of.     - Uncountable: Much, a little.     - Both: A lot of, plenty of.

• Articles (The vs. No Article):     - Use "The": Unique things (Sun, Earth), second mentions, superlative adjectives, official country abbreviations (The K.S.A), oceans/rivers/deserts.     - No Article: General nouns, materials (gold), meals (breakfast), unofficial city/country names, sports, school subjects.

• Shopping Vocabulary:     - Merchant/Trader (ءاآر), Wholesale (ءآارة الذملة), Retail (ءآارة الءررئة).     - Terms: Bargain (فساوم), Discount, Receipt (إفصال), Refund.     - Identifiers: Logo (شعار مرسوم), Slogan (شعار مكءوب), Tag.

• Compound Adjectives: Hand-made, Duty-free, Part-time, Full-time, Second-hand.

Unit 10 & 11: Reported Speech, Second Conditional, and Connections

• Second Conditional: If + Past Simple ($V2$), Would + infinitive.     - Used for imaginary situations.     - For advice: "If I were you…" (Note: "were" is used for all pronouns in this structure).

• Reported Speech:     - Changes: Tenses move one step back ($V1 \rightarrow V2 \rightarrow Had + V3$).     - Modals change: can → could, will → would, must → had to.     - Time/Place shifts: Here → there, Now → then, Tomorrow → the next day.     - Reporting commands: tell/order + person + to + infinitive.

• Connections Vocabulary:     - Media: Broadcast, Headline, Social media, Digital divide.     - Feelings: Isolated, Addicted to, Vulnerable (ضعف معرض للأطر).     - Tech: Search engine, Instant message, Podcast, Blog.

Unit 12: Third Conditional and Modal Perfects

• Third Conditional: If + Had + $V3$, Would have + $V3$.     - Used for regrets or imaginary past situations.     - Example: If I had known the yogurt was yours, I wouldn't have eaten it.

• Modal Perfects:     - Should have + $V3$: Used for regret (Should have done it but didn't).     - Could have + $V3$: Used for past possibility.

• Expert Vocabulary:     - Qualities: Experienced (مءمرس), Fierce (عنفف), Genetic profile.     - Exploration: Expedition, Survival, Tracker, Indigenous (السكان الأصلففن).     - Nature: Predator (ذفوان مفءرس), Extinct (منقرض), Poisonous (سام).

• Word Focus: Go     - Go well (ءسفر الأمور علف ما فرام).     - Go crazy (فف قمة الاءارة).     - Go into decline (فآءهور).