ap euro
1. Annex: to combine (territory) into the domain of a city, country, or state
The US annexed Hawaii in 1898.
2. Vernacular: language of the home country. Example: in Italy – Italian, in France – French.
John Wycliffe was an early advocate for translation of the Bible into the vernacular. He completed his
translation directly from the Vulgate (Cath. Church’s official Latin version of bible) into English in the year 1382.
3. Export: to ship goods to other countries or places for sale, exchange, etc.
In 2013, the largest American export was engines and machines.
4. Import: to bring in (merchandise, commodities, workers, etc.) from a foreign country for use, sale, processing,
or services.
In 2013, the US imported $2.6 billion worth of precious stones from South Africa.
5. Missionary: a person sent by a church into an area to carry on evangelism or other activities – such as
educational or hospital work.
Christian missionaries who went to Africa, India and China were often incredibly ethnocentric and insulting to
the native populations.
6. Clergy: church leaders who are ordained (trained and given authority by the pope)
One important outcome of the Black death was the chaos that weakened the Church because of the loss of so
many well-educated clergymen.
7. Infallible: when an individual cannot be wrong.
Some early church critics began to challenge the infallibility of the pope.
8. Levy: to impose.
In 1767, England levied a duty (tax) on tea, glass, paper and paint in its North American colonies.
9. Reparations: compensation in money, material, labor, etc., payable by a defeated country to another country
or to an individual for loss suffered during, or as a result of war.
Germany was forced to pay impossibly high reparations to the Allied powers at the end of WWI.
10. Fiscal: of or pertaining to financial matters.
The fiscal policies of Jean Baptiste Colbert helped propel France to superpower status in the 17th century.
11. Inevitable: sure to occur, happen, or come; unalterable
It was believed that war was inevitable after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was shot on June
28, 1914.
12. Suffrage: the right to vote.
Militant women in Britain took radical actions to demand suffrage in the early 20th century.13. Concession: something given up or yielded by a government, as a grant of land, a privilege, or a franchise.
In order to hold on to power, the king gave concessions to his nobles,
’ giving them control over their serfs.
14. Secular: non-religious
Secular music became more common during the 18th century.
15. Inflation: a general rise in the price of goods which makes a consumers’ purchasing power less.
Inflation was so terrible in Germany in the year 1923 that it led to unrest across the country.
16. Abdicate: to give up one’s power or throne.
Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate his throne because of the March Revolution in 1917.
17. Bureaucracy: the body of officials and administrators of a government.
King Louis XIV used his large bureaucracy to help him keep the government firmly in control of all things in
France.
18. Rebellion: resistance to or defiance of any authority, control, or tradition.
The desperate peasants started a rebellion against the king who ignored their plight.
19. Repudiation: refusal, as by a state, to pay a lawful debt.
The Spanish king repudiated the nation’s debt five times which led to his downfall.
20. Pious: to be sincerely devoted to God; one who is very religious.
Mother Theresa was a wonderful example of a pious nun; her devotion to helping the poor in Bangladesh
earned her the respect of Church leaders and the world.
21. Bullion: gold or silver
The Spanish became the leading power in Europe thanks to the large amounts of bullion that were extracted
from its new world mines.
22. Assimilation: the process of adapting or adjusting to the culture of a group or nation, or the state of being so
adapted
American immigrants are expected to assimilate into mainstream culture as quickly as possible.
23. Sovereignty: Independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a state.
Britain’s repeated violation of America’s sovereignty led to the War of 1812.
24. Pacifist: a person who is opposed to war or violence.
The movie, Hacksaw Ridge, is about pacifist Desmond Doss who served as a medic in World War 2.
25. Plebiscite: a vote.
When the leaders of the Italian unification movement held a plebiscite for the people of southern Italy to
choose their fate, they decided to unify with the North as one Italian nation and people in 1861.
26. Subsistence: the source from which food and other items necessary to exist are obtained.
Until the 2nd Agriculture revolution, subsistence farming was the norm. Farmers grew just enough to survive –
nothing extra.
27. Royal prerogative: a power, immunity, or the like restricted to a sovereign government or its representative:
The royal prerogative exempts the king from taxation.28. Advocate: to speak or write in favor of; support or urge by argument; recommend publicly.
John Stuart Mill ran for elected office in 1866 as an advocate of women’s suffrage.
29. Armaments: weapons.
World War I soldiers suffered immensely from the high tech armaments produced in Europe’s factories.
30. Grievance: complaint
The grievances of the German peasants were not addressed by the nobility and so the peasants rebelled.
31. Scarcity: rare, shortness of supply
The scarcity of diamonds in the world make them valuable, and thus expensive.
32. Eradicate: to remove or destroy
It is my hope that cancer be eradicated by the end of the 21st century.
33. Antiquity: the period of history before the Medieval period, aka…Middle Ages.
The two principal civilizations of early Antiquity are those of Mesopotamia and Egypt.
34. Catalyst: a person or event that causes change or action (to start something).
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo was the catalyst for World War I.
35. Encroachment: to advance beyond proper, established, or usual limits.
This new government is encroaching on the individual rights of its citizens.
36. Condemned: to express an unfavorable or adverse judgment on; indicate strong disapproval of.
The Pope condemned Martin Luther’s writings as heretical.
37. Abroad: in a foreign country
College students have the opportunity to study abroad in many fascinating places.
38. Schism: a division
The greatest schism in church history occurred between the church of Constantinople (East) and the church of
Rome (West) in 1054.
39. Subsidized: money furnished by a government to help a business or individual be successful.
The United States currently pays around $20 billion per year to farmers in direct subsidies as "farm income
stabilization.
"
40. Hindered: to prevent from doing, acting, or happening
The Catholic Church hindered scientists from exploring new conceptions of the universe that challenged church
doctrine.
41. Dogma: an official system of principles or tenets concerning faith, morals, behavior, etc., as of a church.
Catholic dogma stated that the pope was infallible.
42. Perpetuate: to preserve or to continue something on (to repeat)
Unfortunately, racism is often perpetuated for generations by families passing on their beliefs to their kids.
43. Convene: to come together or assemble.
The meeting will convene tomorrow morning.44. Enduring: lasting, permanence.
The age of imperialism at the end of the 19th century has had an enduring effect upon modern African nations.
45. Legacy: anything handed down from the past, as from an ancestor or predecessor
Social Security is an important part of President Franklin Roosevelt’s legacy.
46. Autonomy: the state or condition of having independence or freedom; or the right of self-government
The founding fathers demanded autonomy from England.
47. Disdain: to look upon or treat with contempt; despise; scorn.
European nobles had disdain for the peasantry.
48. Domestic: of or pertaining to one's own country, as apart from other countries
Some American presidents want to focus their efforts on creating strong domestic policies.
49. Relinquish: to surrender or give up
Great Britain relinquished their control of their Indian colony in 1947.
50. Exodus: a departure or emigration of a large group of people.
As prices continue to rise in California, there has been an exodus of people moving to other states.
51. Demographic: a social statistic of a human population, such as births or deaths.
Historians use demographic information to help us make sense of the past.
52. Compulsory: required
Prussia was the first nation to create a compulsory schooling system in the late 18th century.
53. Exacerbate: to make worse, to increase in severity
Industrialization and urbanization of British cities in the 19th century exacerbated the problems of the working
class.