PLTW HBS EOC (copy)

ANATOMICAL TERMS

PLANES

  • vertical:

    • coronal: anterior/posterior

    • sagittal: left/right

  • horizontal:

    • transverse: superior/inferior

    • median: left/right 

  • know directional & regional


MUSCULAR SYSTEM

TYPES

  • nervous: has neurons to send signals, many dots

  • epithelial: lines organ surfaces, rectangular cells on top

  • muscle: 

    • skeletal: voluntary, striated, attached to bones

    • smooth: involuntary, internal organ tissue

    • cardiac: involuntary, striated, heart tissue contraction

  • connective: connects tissue types, honeycomb

STRUCTURE

  • epimysium: outermost

  • perimysium: middle

  • endomysium: innermost

CONTRACTION: SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

  • detachment: ATP binds to myosin head, fall off from actin  

  • hydrolysis: myosin head splits ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate

  • Ca2+ binds to troponin on actin filament and myosin heads attach to form cross-bridge

  • myosin heads contract and pull actin filament toward center


SKELETAL SYSTEM

TYPES

  • long: shaft and two ends of spongy, marrow and marrow cavity

  • short: cube-like, mostly spongy thin compact

  • flat: compact spongy compact, marrow but no marrow cavity

  • irregular: thin spongy in compact

STRUCTURE

  • epiphysis: top bottom

  • metaphysis: middle

  • diaphysis: diameter shaft

  • yellow marrow: in diaphysis

  • red marrow: in epiphysis

  • medullary cavity: for yellow marrow

  • spongy: honeycomb, flexibility support

  • compact: denser, weight support

  • periosteum: outermost layer

FRACTURES

  • greenstick: horizontal half-fractured

  • transverse: horizontal fractured

  • comminuted: multi-piece fracture

  • spiral: twisted diagonal 

  • compound: fracture sticks out of skin

REMODELING

  • hematoma formation (H): clotted mass of ruptured vessels

  • fibrocartilage callus formation (FCC): cartilage, bone, and collagen fibers close gap

  • bony callus formation (BC): FCC replaced by spongy bone

  • bone remodeling (BR): callus remodeled with osteoclasts and osteoblasts

    • blasts build, clasts crush


NERVOUS SYSTEM

TYPES

  • central (CNS): brain & spinal cord

  • peripheral (PNS): everything else

BRAIN

  • cerebrum: neural interpretation

    • frontal: behavior, personality, & voluntary muscle activity (motor cortex)

    • parietal: sensory interpretation (sensory cortex)

    • occipital: visual perception

    • temporal: auditory & visual memory

  • cerebellum: balance

  • brainstem: involuntary processes

    • midbrain: top, controls eyes, hearing, & vision

    • pons: middle, controls breathing, sleep wake, & facial expressions

    • medulla oblongata: bottom, controls heart rate, blood pressure, & swallowing

  • inner brain:

    • pituitary gland: hormone regulation

    • hypothalamus: homeostasis

    • hippocampus: long-term memory & spatial navigation

    • thalamus: pain perception

    • corpus callosum: communication between hemispheres

    • amygdala: stress reaction

NEURONS

  • structure: 

    • dendrite: receive signal

    • cell body: energy to drive processes

    • axon: carries signal away from cell body

    • myelin sheath: insulation for quick transmission

    • schwann cell: produces myelin sheath

    • node of ranvier: gaps between myelin sheath for ion diffusion

    • axon terminal: neurotransmitter conversion

  • types:

    • sensory: receive environmental signals

    • motor: transmit signals to muscles & glands

    • interneurons: connect sensory and motor

ACTION POTENTIAL

  • steps: 

    • resting potential: -70mv

    • threshold: -55mV, minimum change to initiate action potential

    • depolarization: stimulus overcomes threshold, influx of Na+ into cell

    • repolarization: membrane back to resting potential, efflux of K+ out of cell

    • hyperpolarization: membrane more negative than resting potential, delayed K+ closure

  • functions:

    • sodium channel: into cell

    • potassium channel: out of cell 

    • sodium-potassium pump: uses ATP to move 3Na+ out and 2K+ in

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

  • common:

    • acetylcholine: muscle contraction

    • dopamine: pleasure

    • GABA: inhibiting signal regulation 

    • glutamate: excitatory

    • epinephrine/norepinephrine: fight or flight

    • serotonin: mood & sleep

  • mechanisms:

    • agonist: off-brand ligand,⬆receptor activity

    • antagonist: competitive inhibitor,⬇receptor activity

    • inverse agonist: off-brand ligand,⬇receptor activity

    • reuptake agonist: inhibit presynaptic reabsorption of ligand,⬆receptor activity


ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

GLANDS

  • pineal gland: melatonin, sleep/wake cycle

  • hypothalamus: pituitary gland regulation 

  • pituitary gland: growth hormone & signals reproductive organs

  • thyroid gland: metabolism

  • thymus: makes WBCs, pituitary gland regulation 

  • adrenal glands: stress

  • pancreas: blood sugar

  • ovaries: estrogen/progesterone, puberty, menstruation, & pregnancy

  • testes: testosterone, puberty & sperm production


CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

HEART

  • deoxygenated:

    • superior/inferior vena cava

    • right atrium (RA)

    • tricuspid valve

    • right ventricle (RV)

    • pulmonary artery

  • oxygenated:

    • pulmonary veins

    • left atrium (LA)

    • mitral valve

    • left ventricle (LV)

    • aorta

VESSELS

  • arteries: oxygenated

  • veins: deoxygenated

  • capillaries: gas exchange between

  • carotid artery: left/right neck, supply oxygenated blood from heart to head

  • jugular vein: left/right neck, take deoxygenated blood from head to heart

TERMINOLOGY

  • systolic: contraction

  • diastolic: resting

  • cardiac output: blood pumped per minute

  • heart rate: beats per minute

  • stroke volume: blood pumped per heartbeat


RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

LUNGS

  • trachea: air from nose/mouth to lungs

  • cartilaginous rings: rings around trachea/bronchi, prevent collapse

  • bronchi: trachea diverges into two bronchi

  • bronchioles: smallest branches

  • alveoli: air sacs for gas exchange

  • diaphragm: pressure change in chest cavity

SPIROMETRY

  • tidal volume: air breathed in/out without conscious effort

  • inspiratory reserve volume: air inhaled with maximum effort

  • expiratory reserve volume: air exhaled with maximum effort

  • vital capacity: air exhaled after maximum inhalation

  • residual volume: air remaining after maximal exhalation

  • total lung capacity: sum of vital capacity and residual volume


IMMUNE SYSTEM

PATHOGENS

  • prions: misfolded versions of normal protein

  • viruses: infectious agent injects genetic material and replicate

  • bacteria: prokaryotic single-cellular

  • protists: eukaryotic, not plants/animals/fungi

  • helminths: parasitic worms

  • fungi: eukaryotic yeast/mold

SKIN

  • epidermis: top, makes new skin and melanin

  • dermis: middle, produces oil/sweat and hair

  • subcutaneous fatty tissue: bottom, regulates body temperature

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

  • lymph nodes: drains and filters lymph fluids

    • not pressurized, moves with body motion

  • B-cell: WBC that matures in bone marrow, produces antibodies

  • T-cell: WBC recognition and destruction of pathogens

LINES OF DEFENSE

  • innate immunity: nonspecific response, born with 

  • acquired immunity: specific response, acquired over lifetime

    • active immunity: after infection or vaccine

    • passive immunity: from mother through placenta or breastfeeding


VISUAL SYSTEM

EYES

  • cornea: outermost, transparent layer refracts light

  • pupil: gap in iris center, changes shape to let amounts of light in

  • iris: colored part, controls pupil size

  • lens: behind iris, helps focus light onto retina

  • sclera: white part, maintains eye shape

  • aqueous humor: between cornea and lens, clear & watery

  • vitreous humor: between lens and retina, clear & jelly

  • retina: back of eye, light sensitive tissue converting light into electrical signals

  • optic nerve: nerve carrying visual information to the brain

  • blind spot: optic nerve connects to retina


URINARY SYSTEM

PARTS

  • kidneys: filters blood for waste to produce urine

  • ureters: transport urine to bladder

  • bladder: urine storage

  • urethra: expels urine

KIDNEY

  • renal artery: carries oxygenated blood to kidney

  • renal vein: carries deoxygenated blood to heart

  • renal pyramid: concentrates urine

  • major/minor calyx: collects urine

  • renal column: extensions of renal cortex

  • renal cortex: outer portion, nephrons merge into collecting duct

  • nephrons: filters and produces urine

    • parts:

      • glomerulus: capillaries filter blood

      • bowman’s capsule: collects filtered fluid

      • proximal convoluted tubule: reabsorption of nutrients, water, & ions

      • loop of henle: conserves water through concentration gradient

      • distal convoluted tubule: acid-base balance

      • collecting duct: drains final filtrate

    • function:

      • tubular reabsorption: from tubular fluid back into blood

      • tubular secretion: from blood into tubular fluid


DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

DIGESTION

  • mechanical: physical breakdown by teeth and muscle

  • chemical: chemical breakdown by digestive enzymes/acids

PARTS

  • oral cavity: mouth

    • salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides

  • salivary gland: produces saliva

  • pharynx: tube for air and food

  • esophagus: propels food via peristalsis

  • liver: produces bile to emulsify fats for digestion

  • stomach: contains stomach acid to break food down into chyme

    • pepsin breaks down proteins

  • gallbladder: stores bile from liver

  • small intestine: nutrient & water absorption

    • pancreatic amylase breaks down polysaccharides

    • trypsin breaks down proteins

    • bile emulsifies lipids so they can be broken down by lipase.

  • large intestine: solid waste travels to rectum

  • rectum: stores solid waste

  • anus: expels solid waste