Organic chemistry
1. Basic Concepts:
- Understand the structure of carbon compounds, bonding (single, double, triple), hybridization, isomerism (structural, stereoisomerism).
2. Functional Groups:
- Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides.
3. Hydrocarbonbs:
- Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes: Nomenclature, properties, and reactions like combustion, substitution, addition.
4. Reactions:
- Understanding reaction mechanisms like addition, substitution, elimination, oxidation, reduction, condensation, and hydrolysis.
5. Polymers:
- Understand the basics of polymerization, types of polymers (addition, condensation), and their uses.
6. Biomolecules:
- Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids: Structure, functions, and their roles in living organisms.
7. Organic Analysis:
- Techniques used to identify organic compounds (like chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry).
8. Environmental Chemistry:
- Understand environmental issues related to organic compounds, like pollutants, and their impact.
1. Alkanes:
- Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds.
- General formula: CnH2n+2.
- Reactivity: Generally unreactive, undergo combustion and halogenation.
2. Alkenes:
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a carbon-carbon double bond.
- General formula: CnH2n.
- Reactivity: Undergo addition reactions (like hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration) due to the presence of the π bond.
3. Alkynes:
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a carbon-carbon triple bond.
- General formula: CnH2n-2.
- Reactivity: Similar reactions to alkenes due to the presence of the π bond.
4. Alcohols:
- Contain the -OH functional group attached to a carbon chain.
- Naming ends with "-ol."
- Reactivity: Can undergo dehydration, oxidation, and esterification reactions.
5. Aldehydes:
- Contain the carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of a carbon chain.
- Naming ends with "-al."
- Reactivity: Common in oxidation-reduction reactions, forming carboxylic acids or alcohols.
6. Ketones:
- Contain the carbonyl group (C=O) in the middle of a carbon chain.
- Naming ends with "-one."
- Reactivity: Similar to aldehydes but less reactive towards oxidation.
7. Carboxylic Acids:
CnH2n+1COOH
- Contain the carboxyl group (COOH).
- Naming ends with "-oic acid."
- Reactivity: Acidic properties, undergoes reactions to form esters, amides, and salts.
8. Esters:
- Formed by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
- Naming often ends with "-yl alkanoate."
- Reactivity: Used in fragrance, flavoring, and as solvents.
9. Amines:
- Contain a nitrogen atom bonded to carbon.
- Naming depends on the number of alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen.
- Reactivity: Can act as bases, undergo substitution reactions.
10. Amides:
- Derived from carboxylic acids and amines.
- Naming often ends with "-amide."
- Reactivity: Involved in peptide bond formation in proteins.
Alkanes (Saturated Hydrocarbons):
Methane: CH4
Ethane: C2H6
Propane: C3H8
Butane: C4H10
Pentane: C5H12
Hexane: C6H14
Heptane: C7H16
Octane: C8H18
Nonane: C9H20
Decane: C10H22
General Formula for Alkanes: CnH2n+2
Alkanes | Isomers | |
|---|---|---|
Methane | has none | |
Ethane | ||
Propane | ||
Butane | ||
Pentane | ||
Hexane | ||
Heptane |
Alkenes (Unsaturated Hydrocarbons with Double Bond):
Ethene: C2H4
tPropene: C3H6
Butene: C4H8
Pentene: C5H10
Hexene: C6H12
Heptene: C7H14
Octene: C8H16
Nonene: C9H18
Decene: C10H20
Undecene: C11H22
General Formula for Alkenes: CnH2n
Alcohols (Hydroxyl Functional Group):
Methanol: CH3OH
Ethanol: C2H5OH
Propanol: C3H7OH
Butanol: C4H9OH
Pentanol: C5H11OH
Hexanol: C6H13OH
Heptanol: C7H15OH
Octanol: C8H17OH
Nonanol: C9H19OH
Decanol: C10H21OH
General Formula for Alcohols: CnH2n+1OH