ornithology

\ homology: trait shared together with a common ancestor

\ domain

kingdom

phylum

class

order

family

genus (capitalize)

species

Specific epithet (underline lowercase)

idae-family

formes-order

columbiformes

columbidae (family)

rock dove

mourning dove

eurasian collared dove

only capitalize first word in common names

owls: serigiformes

tytonidae

barn owl: Tyto alba

strigidae: Eastern screech owl, the Great horned owl, barred owl, long eared owl, northern saw-whet owl

casting a pellet: when an owl regurgetates a pellet of bone and fur

owls have false nests and cast pellets in both

eastern screech owl: can be grey or red

owls usually dont make nests or homes, use columbids homes alot

\ barn owl: heart shaped facial disk

\ haasts eagle: harpagornis moorei

-probably could not fly, specialized niche

\ specialist animals are usually the first to die off than generalists

\ stephens island wren: xenicus lyalli

-vestigial wings

new zealand rock wren: xenicus gilviventris

-no tail feathers

-oval wings that dont protrude from body

\ ontogeny: development of embryo recapitulates phylogeny

ativism: characteristics that arises from the expression of an ancient dormant gene

\ 2 wrist bones, allows

not called metacarpels, called carpometacarpus

alua: bastard wing, digit 1, akin to thumb

-only 3 digits, lowers weight and makes it more sturdy

primary feathers: propulsion

furculum: wishbone: acts like a spring to conserve energy during flight

curacoids: like pillars to support their chest cavity, attach and keep pectoral girdle right

sternum: large but thin

“if we want to keep a bone, we got to reduce its size/weight. if not goodbye”

skeleton:save energy: decrease mass of bones, decrease number of bones, make bones pheumatic

as bird size decreases, metabolic rate increases

passarine bird: passeriforme(order): p for perching bird, usually contains song birds, higher metabolic rate

when increase weight, must increase surface area of wing

toward trailing edge of wing, get eddy currents( air currents that circulate in the opposite direction of wing) and puts pressure on wings which slows it down and increases energy use

thermoneutral zone: range of ambient temp. in which nrg is not expended to raise or lower body temp

-basal metabolic rate: metabolic rate at rest

ambient temp: the temp you experience

3 ways to transfer and dissepate heat: convection(air), conduction(contact), radiative(emitting heat through radiation)

\ Goat-suckers:birds that emptying lactating goats of milk:whip-poor-will, common-poor-will,chuck-wills-widow;are nocturnal and crepuscular:capramulgidae(goat sucker family), caprimulgaformes(goat sucker order), are insectivores

\ filiform feathers: only shaft of feather

countershading: darker on dorsal but lighter on ventral

woodpeckers: piciformes, picidae; red bellied woodpecker,red-headed, northern flicker, pileated they have stiff shafts in their tail feathers for support and shock absorption against the side of tree

lek: when male displays for female

gorget: northern flicker has

\ thermoneutral zone: , basal metabolic rate. the biggest trade off for birds

-the colder ambient becomes, metabolic increases

thyroxin: a thyroid hormone, allows them to increase meatbolic rate

jungle fowl: Gallus gallus (Galliform)

\ Tuc: temperature upper critical

Tlc:temperature lower critical

\ Attrition rate: rate if death due to environmental factors

birds are modern therapod dinosaurs

high attrition rate offset by large offspring size

fecundity: fertility

vermivore:eat worms

fruitivore: eats fruits

heat sink: something that is cooler that removes heat

incipient: in an initial stage, beggining to develope

winter solstace: the amount of light and dark imbalanced

the higher toward north pole, the more dark than light

spring equonox: dark and light same

sept. march: equal

dec.:most dark

april: in thermoneutral zone, when breeding season happens

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