APUSH Unit 2 Review Notes

Mormonism

  • Founded by Joseph Smith.
  • Claimed previous teachings strayed from the original church.
  • Book of Mormon introduced polygamy.
  • Brigham Young established a theocracy in Salt Lake City.

Abolitionism

  • Growing movement to abolish slavery.
  • 1831: William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper advocated for moral persuasion to end slavery.
  • American Anti-Slavery Society formed.
  • Merchants feared abolition due to economic impacts.
  • Women sought more rights to be effective in the movement.
  • 1848: Seneca Falls Convention.
  • Declaration of Sentiments called for greater rights.

South Post-1830

  • Westward expansion.
  • Dominated by a wealthy plantation aristocracy.
  • Slaves as a cultural aspect.
  • Slave owners feared uprisings.
  • 1831: Nat Turner's Rebellion, a slave revolt in Virginia, led to increased restrictions on slaves.
  • Most white southerners were yeoman farmers.
  • Westward movement led to exhausted land.

Indian Resistance

  • Pueblo Revolt (1680): Led the Spanish to be more flexible with native culture.
  • British interactions with Indians:
    • Metacom's War (1675): Metacom (Chief of Wampanoag) fought against British encroachment.
    • British allied with the Iroquois.
    • Effect: poor relations with Native Americans.

Colonial Society

  • Religion:
    • Enlightenment: Emphasized rational thinking and reason over religion.
    • Print culture spread ideas from John Locke, Kant, and Rousseau.
    • Introduced "natural rights": People have inborn rights not granted by government.
    • Social Contract: People are in contract with government.
    • Attacked religious authority.
    • "New Light" preachers emerged, opposing the Enlightenment and religious abandonment.
    • Great Awakening: Massive religious revival generated intense Christian enthusiasm.
    • Jonathan Edwards preached locally.
    • George Whitefield preached to diverse audiences.
    • Overall: large-scale return to Christian faith, creating bonds.
    • Gradual Anglicization: becoming more English-like.

Political Communities

  • Structures dominated by elite classes.
  • However, Impressment: Seizing colonial men into military service.
    • Led to malnutrition, disease, and death.
  • Example: 1747 impressment for King George's War.

Trade Systems

  • Colonization led to a New Atlantic Economy.
  • Triangular Trade: Merchant ships followed a three-part journey.
    • Route included sugar, rum, and slaves.
  • Middle Passage: Deadly enslaved cargo route.
  • Mercantilism: Belief in a fixed amount of wealth in the world, promoting more exports than imports.
  • Navigation Acts: Required merchants to trade only with the English to benefit the mother country.
  • Overall: Generated massive wealth for elites.

Slavery in British Colonies

  • 1700-1803: 3 million enslaved Africans came to the Americas.
    • Came through the Middle Passage and were sold in the British West Indies.
  • Every British colony participated in the slave trade.
    • Chesapeake region heavily involved.
  • In Virginia, strict Slave codes were introduced.
  • Defined as Chattel Slavery: slaves treated as property.
  • Became a perpetual institution.

Black Rebellion

  • Covert Resistance:
    • Maintaining cultural customs/beliefs.
    • Breaking tools.
    • Faking illness.
  • Overt Resistance:
    • Stono Rebellion in South Carolina, 1739.
    • Slaves stole weapons, marched along the Stono River.
    • Burned plantations and killed white people.

Spanish Colonization

  • Profit-seeking venture, focused on silver.
  • Disease and famine affected early efforts.
  • 1612: John Rolfe experimented with tobacco.
  • Indentured servants used; passage paid in exchange for work.
  • High demand for land led to Indian rebellions.
  • Farmers needed protection, but Governor Berkeley initially refused.
  • Bacon's Rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon.
  • Effects: planter elites worried over indentured servants.

New England Colonies

  • 1620: settled by Pilgrims (migrated in family units).
  • Created family economies as farmers.
  • Agriculture and commerce-based society.

British West Indies

  • 1620s: British established permanent colonies in the Caribbean (e.g., Barbados).
  • Warm climate, year-round growing (tobacco, sugarcane).
  • Laws over black people = result + demand

Middle Colonies

  • NY/NJ: diverse population; cereal crops.
  • Growing inequality between classes (elite vs. lower).
  • Pennsylvania: William Penn (Quaker/pacifist).
  • Religious freedom for all was recognized.
  • Mainly negotiation with Indians.

Governance in Colonies

  • Unusually democratic.
  • Mayflower Compact: pilgrims Signed (self-gov).
  • House of Burgesses: Virginia, representative assembly (levy taxes/pass buws).

APUSH Unit 2 Review (1607-1754)

  • Overall, each colonial region had different structures/economies.

Spain Colonization

  • Goals: extract wealth (cash crops/minerals).
  • Subjected native populations and sought conversion.
  • Racial hierarchy (Caste System).

French Colonization

  • Goals: more interested in trade (fur).
  • Few French came to America.
  • First settlement: Quebec.
  • Mostly trading settlements.
  • Some married American Indian wives (kinship ties).
  • Fostered alliances with Ojibwe Indians.
  • Indians gave French beaver pelts for sale.
  • French introduced iron cookware/cloth.

Dutch Colonization

  • 1609: established fur trading center on the Hudson River.
  • Goals: mainly economic (like the French).
  • Were Protestant but showed no interest in conversion.
  • 1624: New Amsterdam – hub of trade.

British Colonization

  • Goals: economy was bad (wars, inflation).
  • Affected the lower and upper classes wanted economic opportunity and land.
  • Farming was disappearing (Enclosure Movement)
  • Many also wanted religious freedom and improved living conditions.
  • Chesapeake Region: 1607 – Jamestown.
  • Founded by a joint-stock company.