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Timeline of México Posrevolucionano ($1917$-$1940$)

The historical period of the México Posrevolucionano is divided into three distinct phases of development and political stabilization. The first phase, known as the Reconstruction Period (Periodo de Reconstrucción), spanned from $1917$ to $1928$. This era began with the leadership of Venustiano Carranza from $1917$ to $1920$, a tenure highlighted by the Promulgation of the Constitution (Promulgación de la Constitución) on the date of $6$ de $febrero$ de $1917$. Following Carranza, Alvaro Obregón served as President from $1920$ to $1924$, during which a major institutional milestone occurred: the creation of the Secutaria de Educacion Puaka on $3$ de $Octubre$ de $1921$. The final president of this phase was Plutarco Elias Calles, serving from $1924$ to $1928$. His administration is noted for the founding of the Banco de México on $25$ de $gosto$ de $1925$.

The second historical phase is defined as El Maximato, occurring between the years of $1928$ and $1934$. During this time, the country was led by three successive presidents. Emilio Portes Gil governed from $1928$ to $1930$, and his term saw the founding of the Partido Nacional Revolucio on $4$ de $marzo$ de $1929$. He was followed by Pascual Ortiz Rubio from $1930$ to $1932$, whose administration was marked by the publication of the Doctrina Estrada on $27$ de $septiembre$ de $1930$. The period concluded with Abelardo L. Rodriguez ($1932$-$1934$), who significantly fixed the national minimum wage (salario minimo) on $5$ de $enero$ de $1934$.

The third phase, El carders($1934$-$1940$), refers to the administration of Lázaro Cárdenas del Rio. This era is most famously characterized by the decree of the Oil Expropriation (Expropiacion pol) on $18$ de $marzo$ de $1938$. Throughout this entire timeline, starting from the Jueves $12$ de $Marzo$ del $2026$ notes until the final Cardenista reforms, the nation moved toward institutionalization and the nationalization of resources.

The Cristero Rebellion (La Rebelión Cristera)

The Rebelion Cristera was an armed rebellion involving the Catholic Church (Iglesia) that took place over a period of $3$ years, specifically between $1926$ and $1929$. This conflict was a significant armed confrontation between soldiers (soldados) and rebels, resulting in many casualties on both sides. The rebellion was fundamentally an armed response by the Catholic creed (credo catolico) against the authorities, eventually resulting in the suspension of all religious activities in the country.

Several states in the Mexican Republic were central to this armed struggle. These included Michoacán, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Colima, Nayarit, Zacatecas, and Aguasca Mente. The participants in this conflict were diverse, comprising government soldiers, rebels, civil and military authorities, church priests (Sacerdotes de la iglesia), and even foreigners. The war transformed into a major national crisis that lasted until a resolution was reached in $1929$.

The Oil Expropriation (La Expropiación Petrolera)

Lázaro Cárdenas was the Mexican President who successfully nationalized the oil industry (la industria petrolra). This move was legally supported by Article $27^{\circ}$ of the Constitution, which establishes that all riches found within the soil and the subsoil belong to the Nation. Prior to the definitive act of nationalization on $18$ de $marzo$ de $1938$, the owners of the various oil companies were foreign entities. These foreign companies held power over petroleum, which is a non-renewable natural resource, until Cárdenas intervened to ensure that oil became the heritage (patrimonio) of all Mexicans.

Following the nationalization of the industry, the company PEMEX was formed to manage the resource. Petroleum is extracted from the subsoil through the use of wells (Pozos) and is subsequently transported to refineries (refinerias), where it is transformed into products such as gasoline (Gasolina). Beyond its economic importance, there is a scientific theory explaining that petroleum was formed through biological limits or remains (lindes bi). Currently, however, the use of oil is identified as one of the primary causes of global warming (calentamiento global) and general environmental contamination.

Government Actions and Institutional Challenges of Obregón and Calles

The political transitions of the early posrevolucionano period were marked by both progress and violence. For example, presidential authority was often contested; the rebolion de Agua Pieta was the movement used to disown Venustiano Carranza as President. Consequently, Carranza was assassinated in the location of Tlaxcalarongo, situated in the state of Puebla. During the same era, the revolutionary figure Francisco Villa signed a peace treaty with the government in $1920$, after which he retired to a private life.

One of the most critical tasks during the presidency of Alvaro Obregón was the national reconstruction (reconstrucion) of the country and the pursuit of national unity (unidad nacional). Despite his efforts and his eventual achievement of reelection, Obregón was assassinated in $1928$. Parallel to these political events, the presidency of Plutarco Elias Calles saw the establishment of crucial national institutions like the Banco de México, but his administration was also the period during which the violent Cristero Rebellion (Rebelión Cristera) occurred, presenting a major challenge to his domestic governance.