System: A set of interacting or interdependent components forming a complex whole.
Physical System: A system involving physical components and processes.
Social System: A system involving interactions between individuals or groups.
Force: An influence that can change the motion of an object.
Input: Something put into a system in order to achieve a result.
Output: The result or product of a system's operation.
Side Effect: An unintended or secondary effect of a system's output.
Q2 (Pg. 12): Compare physical and social systems (similarities and differences).
Q1b (Pg. 16): Compare and contrast outputs with side effects.
Q4 (Pg. 16): Define systems thinking.
Q5 (Pg. 16): Describe the relationship between side effects and systems thinking.
Describe social factors that cause change in other systems.
Review pages 24 and 25.
Chapter Two
Simple Machine: A basic mechanical device that multiplies force or changes its direction.
Fulcrum: The pivot point of a lever.
Load Arm: The distance between the fulcrum and the load.
Effort Arm: The distance between the fulcrum and the effort.
Input Force: The force applied to a machine.
Output Force: The force exerted by a machine.
Load Force: The force that a machine is designed to overcome.
Magnitude: The size or extent of something.
Newton: The SI unit of force.
Friction: A force that opposes motion between surfaces in contact.
Static Friction: The friction that exists between a stationary object and the surface on which it rests.
Lubricant: A substance used to reduce friction.
Mechanical Advantage (MA): The ratio of output force to input force.
Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA): The theoretical mechanical advantage of a machine with no friction.
Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA): The mechanical advantage of a machine taking friction into account.
Work: The energy transferred when a force moves an object over a distance.
Energy: The ability to do work.
Work vs. Energy: Understanding the difference.
Q3 (Pg. 35): Describe the relationship between input force, output force, and load force.
Q2 (Pg. 39): What two components are common to all forces?
MA=measured input forcemeasured output force
Q3 (Pg. 43): Explain why the MA of a class 3 lever will always be less than 1.
MA=load arm lengtheffort arm length
MA=output distanceinput distance
Calculate the amount of work.
Calculate the MA.
Review pages 52 and 53.
Chapter Three
Lost Energy: Energy that is converted into a form that is not useful.
Waste Energy: Energy that is released into the environment, often as heat.
Transformed: Changed in form or appearance.
Transferred: Moved from one place to another.
Efficiency: The ratio of useful output energy to total input energy.
Economic Efficiency: The extent to which resources are used optimally to produce goods and services.
Mechanical Efficiency: The efficiency of a mechanical system.
Automation: The use of technology to perform tasks automatically.
Indicate positive & negative effects of automation.
Q2 (Pg. 60): How are the negative effects of friction reduced?
Mechanical Efficiency=input energy (or work)output energy (or work)×100%
Q3 (Pg. 65): Practice using different numbers.
(a) (Pg. 67): Practice using different numbers.
Review pages 76 and 77.
Chapters 4 to 6 (21%)
Chapter Four
Cell Theory: States that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and all cells are produced from other cells.
Cell Magnification: The process of enlarging the image of a cell.
Field of View: The area visible through a microscope.
Organelle: A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function.
Cytoplasm: The material within a cell, excluding the nucleus.
Cell Membrane: The outer boundary of a cell that regulates what enters and exits.
Nucleus: The control center of a cell that contains the DNA.
Chromosomes: Structures within the nucleus that carry the genetic information.
Vacuole: A storage organelle in a cell.
Chloroplast: An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
Cell Wall: A rigid outer layer of a plant cell that provides support.
Mitochondria: Organelles that generate energy for the cell.
Electron Microscope: A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of a specimen.
Q1 (Pg. 96): Identify the characteristics of living things.
(b) (Pg. 103): What is the actual position of an organism under a microscope?
(Pg. 107): 4 + Nts.
Identify the parts of the cell.
Identify the functions of each part of the cell.
Magnification=ocular×objective
Review pages 114 and 115.
Chapter Five
Selectively Permeable Membrane: A membrane that allows some substances to pass through while blocking others.
Diffusion: The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Osmosis: The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
Diffusion vs. Osmosis: Understanding the differences.
Endocytosis: The process by which cells engulf substances from their surroundings.
Exocytosis: The process by which cells expel substances to their surroundings.
Phagocytosis: The process by which cells engulf large particles or cells.
Turgor Pressure: The pressure exerted by water inside a plant cell against the cell wall.
Concentration Gradient: The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas.
Q4 (Pg. 120): How is the cell membrane important to a healthy cell?
Q4 (Pg. 123): How is the movement of particles in diffusion determined?
Q4 (Pg. 126): Explain how osmosis creates Turgor pressure in plants.
Q5 (Pg. 126): How does the cell membrane help build turgor pressure?
(e) (Pg. 129): Explain benefits and disadvantages of dialysis tubing.
What does the cell do in order to achieve solute balance in and out of the cell?
Review pages 134 and 135.
Chapter Six
Organism: An individual living thing.
Unicellular Organism: An organism composed of only one cell.
Multicellular Organism: An organism composed of many cells.
Cellular differentiation: The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.
Vertebrate: An animal with a backbone.
Invertebrate: An animal without a backbone.
Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.
Protist: A diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms.
Bacteria: Single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
Organ System: A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
Xylem Vessel: A type of plant tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Phloem Vessel: A type of plant tissue that transports sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
Movement versus Locomotion.
Tissue: A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
Organ: A structure composed of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function.
Cilia: Small, hair-like structures on the surface of some cells that help to move fluids or particles.
Q6 (Pg. 142): Explain how protists can be either plant or animal-like.
Q4 (Pg. 151): What is the major function of each organ system?
Q2 (Pg. 157): Describe the path of food in the digestive system.
Q4 (Pg. 157): Describe the path of oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body.
Q1 (Pg. 160): Give examples of how unicellular organisms are useful.
Identify parts of a body system.
Review pages 162 and 163.
Chapters 7 to 9 (19%)
Chapter Seven
Thou Knoweth Thy Particle Theory of Matter.
Surface Tension: The tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area.
Laminar Flow: A type of fluid flow in which the fluid moves in smooth, parallel layers.
Turbulent Flow: A type of fluid flow in which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations, or mixing.
Fluid Dynamics: The study of how fluids move.
Streamlined: Designed with a shape that reduces resistance to flow.
Fluids + characteristics.
Flow Rate: The volume of fluid that passes a point per unit time.
Viscosity: A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
Cohesion: The attraction between molecules of the same substance.
Adhesion: The attraction between molecules of different substances.
Cohesion, Adhesion + How does it affect flow rate?
Fluid mechanics
Calculate the Flow Rate.
Q3 (Pg. 181): What role does blood play in the body? How is it cleaned? How is it cleaned during dialysis?
Q3 (Pg. 186): Explain why fluids can flow and solids cannot.
(f) Pg. 193: Use the Particle Theory to explain how the viscosity of a fluid could increase rather than decrease when the fluid is heated.
Review pages 202 and 203.
Chapter Eight
Weight versus Mass. Know the difference.
Density: Mass per unit volume.
Density=VolumeMass
Buoyancy: Upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.
Buoyancy + relationship to density.
Volume: The amount of space that a substance or object occupies.
Swim Bladder: An internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy.
Ballast Tanks: Compartments within a ship or submarine that are filled with water to increase stability or allow submersion.
Neutral Buoyancy: The state in which an object's weight is equal to the buoyant force, causing it to neither sink nor float.
Q4 (Pg. 217): Why does a ship float at a different level in fresh water than in salt water?
Cartesian Diver: Explain how it works.
Review pages 222 and 223.
Chapter Nine
Pneumatic System: A system that uses pressurized gas to transmit power.
Advantages & disadvantages.
Uses.
Hydraulic System: A system that uses pressurized liquid to transmit power.
Advantages & disadvantages.
Uses.
How does a hydraulic brake system work?
Pascal’s Law: States that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid.
Valve: A device that controls the flow of a fluid.
Q2 (Pg. 229): Use the Particle Theory to explain why liquids are less compressible than gases.
Q4 (Pg. 239): Why is heating an aerosol can so dangerous?
Q2 (Pg. 243): What is the purpose of valves in the human circulatory system? What are varicose veins and why are they dangerous?
Calculate pressure.
P=AF
Review pages 248 and 249.
Chapters 10 to 12 (30%)
Chapter Ten
Water Cycle: The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.
Melting/Fusion: The process by which a solid changes into a liquid.
Sublimation: The process by which a solid changes directly into a gas.
Deposition: The process by which a gas changes directly into a solid.
Sublimation versus Deposition.
Evaporation: The process by which a liquid changes into a gas.
Condensation: The process by which a gas changes into a liquid.
Evaporation versus Condensation.
Precipitation: Any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface.
Freezing/Solidification: The process by which a liquid changes into a solid.
Runoff: Water that flows over the land surface.
Groundwater: Water that is stored underground in aquifers.
Aquifer: An underground layer of rock or sediment that holds water.
Water Table: The upper surface of groundwater.
Water Treatment: The process of removing contaminants from water to make it safe for drinking or other uses.
Floc: A clump of particles that have been made to stick together by a chemical or physical process.
Q2 (Pg. 269): Is water that has a slight color to it pure? Safe to drink?
Q3 (Pg. 273): How can snow/ice and puddles of water be converted back into water vapor?
Q4 (Pg. 273): How does water vapor change into snow or rain in the Earth’s atmosphere?
Q4b (Pg. 278): Describe how to make stored water safe and suggest one or two ways in which you could reduce your water consumption.
Review pages 284 and 285.
Chapter Eleven
Salinity: The concentration of salts dissolved in water.
Desalination: The process of removing salt from saltwater.
Contaminant: A substance that pollutes or infects something.
Fertilizer: A substance added to soil to improve plant growth.
Herbicide: A substance used to kill unwanted plants.
Pesticide: A substance used to kill pests.
Turbid: Cloudy or opaque due to stirred-up sediment.
Thermal Pollution: The discharge of heated water into a body of water, which can harm aquatic life.
Continental Divide: A drainage divide on a continent such that the drainage basin on one side of the divide feeds into one ocean or sea, and the basin on the other side either feeds into a different ocean or sea.
Watershed: An area of land that drains into a particular body of water.
Bioremediation: The use of living organisms to clean up pollution.
Black water: Wastewater containing fecal matter and urine.
Sources.
Grey water: Wastewater from household activities such as laundry, dishwashing, and bathing.
Sources.
Wastewater: Water that has been used and contains contaminants.
Sources.
Q1 (Pg. 291): What percentage of water on Earth is fresh water?
Name major water contaminants. How did they get there?
Q Describe factors that decrease water quality? How do chlorine, nitrates, calcium and acid enter freshwater?
Calculate the concentration of a solute.
concentration of solute=Volume of solutionmass of solute
Review pages 310 and 311.
Chapter Twelve
Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time.
Climate: The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time.
Weather versus Climate. How are they different?
Heat Capacity: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by a certain amount.
Heat Sink: A substance or device that absorbs heat without a significant change in temperature.
Global Warming: The long-term heating of Earth's climate system observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere.
Flood Plain: An area of land that is prone to flooding.
Desert: A barren or desolate area, especially one with little or no vegetation.
Q4 (Pg. 319): Why do areas close to large bodies of water have milder climates than inland areas?
Q4 (Pg. 322): Describe the effect of El Nino on Canadian weather.
Q5 (Pg. 322): Explain how a tornado/hurricane forms.
Q1 (Pg. 327): How are floods and droughts sometimes good for the natural environment? What human activities worsen the effects of drought?
What is a “water footprint”? How is this knowledge helpful?
Review pages 334 and 335.
Test/Exam Preparation
Begin preparation by putting all your homework and corrections in order.
Those who took their own notes do 85% better than if they did not take notes.
If you have lost your answers and especially your corrections then you can use the exam outline posted in the Google Classroom for each chapter to study.
Those who do their own corrections add further improvement to their results.
Come to Study Hall to catch up on specific notes. Speak to Mrs. Cottrill to obtain specific pages as is needed.
Reread the summary pages to each chapter in your textbook to glean all that you need. Check that you have all the required corrections especially lab corrections.
Read over your notes. Read over your textbook if you do not have user-friendly penmanship. Homework corrections can be typed for easier reading/studying.
Highlight key points, words, descriptive words, key actions and key phrases. Those who highlight key points on the day corrections where made can earn 5%, 10% and 15% improvement on the next test. Those who do not do written corrections work against a better result on tests.
Review the lab answers first, especially the Apply and Extend corrections. Review the questions that are hard for you to remember first. Always work from the difficult material (first) to the easy material (last).
Secondly, review homework answers and corrections. Thirdly, review notes given above and beyond the textbook. Fourthly, review definitions/bold-faced words.
If time permits review the difficult areas three times for every one easy area. Speak the points out loud or at least the difficult points out loud. You may wish to record your own voice speaking the answers and then listen as part of feedback to a question session.
Review with a partner. One partner asks a question the other partner answers. The partner that answered a question now asks the next question…partners alternate asking and answering questions. One partner can say a sentence while the other partner fills in the missing word. One partner says a word and the other partner gives the description, or definition.
Extra help is available during Study Hall upon request.