Cold War Day One
Financial
Pushed to towards a capitalist society
Fears of the return of depression led the United States to take a much more international stance
The Soviet Union refused to ratify an agreement that would rebuild the world along capitalist lines and bring aid to its people.
The Truman Doctrine
While fdr favored diplomacy and compromise Truman was committed to get-tough policy with the Soviets
When civil war threatened the government inTurkey and Greece, the United States warned of a communist coup and provided $400 million to defeat the rebels.
The Truman Doctrine committed the United States to a policy of trying to contain communism
Goals of the U.S. and Soviets
U.S believes in a capitalist democracy, free election economic, and religious freedom
Private property, respect individuals
Limit communism
Soviets-dictatorship
-government made all economic,political, and military decisions
Those who opposed or question Stalin risk or death
Expand communism
Events leading to the Truman Doctrine
Greek, Turkish, and other countries were struggling to stop communist from taking over.
The U.S. and Truman wanted to stop the spread of communism and send money to support the anticommunist movement
George Kennan and containment
Kennan did not believe that the Soviets would go so far as to ut their country endanger of war
If the U.S. was patient in containing Soviet expansion, it would win in the end
How the Berlin Airlift saved West Berlin
The gap widened when the western zones of Germany merged
When the Soviets cut off land access to West Berlin, the United States airlifted supplies to the city
The United States also created an alliance of anti-Soviet nations, NATO, and the Soviets responded with the Warsaw Pact
Why the U.S.built the hydrogen bomb
The American policy of containing communism rested on the ability to stop its expansion by military means
After the Soviets developed nuclear weapons,both sides amassed lethal stockpiles. The U.S. and Soviets could not come up with a plan to control them. Within a few years both sides had a stockpile of hydrogen bombs
It would be more powerful than the atomic bomb
It would give the U.S. a Nuclear advantage over Soviets in the arm race
Containment policy in Europe
America supported government financially and military that resisted Communism
Formed the NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization they got involved in the Berlin airlift, the marshals plan.
the military alliance to stop Soviet expansion
The election of 1948
Henry Wallace challenged Truman by running on the Progressive ticket, a campaign effectively quashed by red-baiting
Truman repositioned himself to the left by discrediting congressional republicans
Heaso offered a liberal legislative package that Congress defeated
The Democrats split again over civil rights when segregationist ran Strom huron for president
Truman managed to hold on to the New Deal coalition and wonder-election
Fair Deal and New Deal
In 1949, Truman proposed a package of reforms, the fair deal.
Truman won some gains in public housing, minimum wage and Social Security increases, but little else
Truman helped to define cold war liberalism as promoting economic growth through expanded foreign trade and federal expenditures, chiefly defense
New Deal was economic reforms while the fair deal focused on political, social, and economic reforms
Satellite Nations- eastern european countries Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, ROmania, and bulgaria under Soviet control
Stalin used these countries as a buffer to western europe
Iron Curtain- Name that Churchill gave to the Eastern European countries controlled by the USSR
Marshal Plan-Us provided 13 billion over a 4 year period
That provided food to reduce famine, fuel, and to help Europe rebuild and boost their economy
Warsaw Pact- Military alliance of Eastern European countries in support of Communism
Red Scare
The fear that communist inside and out were working to destroy Americans' lives.
Thought this was happening in the movie industry the most
Smith Act
-Made it unlawful to teach or advocate the violent overthrow the U.S. government
HUAC- Investigate possible subversive activities by fascists, Nazis, communist
Hollywood Ten-Left wing writers and directors who invoke their 5th amendment rights and refuse to answer questions about involvement in communism. Blacklist List of people who were not hired in the movie industry
Alger Hiss- government official accused of being a communist spy
-The loyalty-securite program
allegedly to combat subversive influences, Truman promoted a loyalty program.
-The attorney general published a list of potentially subversive organizations.
-Many groups disbanded and previous membership in them destroyed individuals’ careers. A wide range of restrictions on alleged subversives passed Congress
-smith act
The Second Red Scare
-The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) launched investigations into communist influence in Hollywood.
-A parade of friendly witnesses denounced communists
-many people gave names to suspected former friends so that they themselves would be cleared and able to work again.
-A few witnesses (many blacklisted later) attacked HUAC and a handful went to prison for contempt of Congress
Rosenberg Case
-The case prove that there is a real possibility that citizens were passing on Atomic bomb secrets to the SOviets
-That people could be executed on the testimony of a confessed spy Klaus Fuchs
-People worried that they were convicted because they were Jewish and had an unpopular view.
Spy Cases
-Public anxieties were heightened when former State Department advisor Alger Hiss was accused of being a communist spy.
-Richard Nixon pursued the charges
-Hiss went to jail for perjury
-Juluis and Ethel Rosenberg were executed despite worldwide protests
McCarthyism
-Sen. Joseph McCarthy caused a sensation when he charged that 205 communists worked for the State Department
-His lack of evidence did not stop him from striking a chord with many Americans
-McCarthyism attacked women’s organizations and homosexuals
-McCarthy’s crusade was destroyed when he went on national TV and appeared deranged, making wild charges of communist infiltration of the Army