4.3

  1. How were industrial development in the North and the expansion of cotton agriculture in the South connected?

    • The industrial development of the North and expansion of cotton agriculture in the South were deeply intertwined as they supported each other in the cotton complex. Companies like the Boston Manufacturing company provided cotton textile manufactoring in the North . On the other hand, the South played an agricultural role by extracting wealth from slaves and producing cotton at rapid rates in the early 19th century. These two factors worked hand in hand to expand the economic flourishment of the U.S.

  2. Compare/contrast the advantages and strategies of British and American textile manufacturers.

    • While both British and American industries sought technological advancement through seeking cheaper laborers and efficient production, American textile manufacturers were more proficient in their innovative production technologies. Due to Britains large population, it’s industries benefited off of its workers likelihood to accept underpaying factory jobs. Likewise, the U.S. capitalized off of boarding young women in factories such as the Boston Manufacturing Company. However, mechanics like Paul Woody studied British textile mills and improved their design, giving the U.S. leverage over Britain’s rudimentary advancements.

  3. Why was slavery in retreat in the Revolutionary era? What caused its resurgence?

    • Slavery was in retreat during the Revolutionary era because of ideological shifts, morality inquires, and inclusion of blacks in battles. However, the resurge of slavery was caused by economic demands during the cotton revolution and uplifting of white elites. During the American revolution, the introduction of “natural rights” led to the condemnation of the chattel principle & rise of abolitionists. Also, declarations like the Philipsburg Proclamation induced slaves to leave plantations to fight with the British. But, during the early 19th century, the creation of the cotton gin and industrial revolution increased the necessity for slaves picking cotton in the South. Subsequently, a new era of slavery justifications were centered around paternalism and benevolence, which combatted ethical criticisms of slavery.

  4. How and why did the geography of slavery change between 1790 and 1830? (Reference the map on p. 263)

    • The geography of slavery changed between 1790 and 1830 because of an increase of westward plantation migration due to new lands ceded by Native Americans and desires for sugar and cotton production. During the early 19th century, many planters moved west as Americans stripped natives like the Creeks of their lands. As cotton and sugar were rapidly cultivated, new arable regions like Texas and Alabama were established to aid the development of Southern states and the extent of plantation production.

  5. How did technological innovations transform labor in the first half of the 19th century? Offer at least 3 examples.

    • Technological innovations increased the efficiency and production of labor in the first half of the 19th century. During the 1820s, mechanics like Samuel Sellars Jr invented a machine for twisting woolen yarn into a smoother surface, transforming a tedious job into a task completed at a faster rate. Subsequently, Samuel’s son John Sellars advanced the productivity of waterwheels, making them more convient ro families. Lastly, the sons and grandsons of John Sellars worked paper making equipment, and eventually locomotives. All of these innovations allowed once luxury products to be available to large populations.

Identification/Key Terms:

The Cotton Complex: Northern Industry and Southern Agriculture - 258

  • Cotton complex - relationship betw n industry & s agriculture, driving economic transformation

    • North - textile mills worked by women

      • created vast demand for cotton

    • South - poured capital land into slaves & revolutionized agricultural production

The American Industrial Revolution . . . 258

  • Industrial revolution 1790 → 1860

    • factories, natural resources exploitation

    • goods once luxury → everyday items

  • Division of Labor and the Factory

    • independent artisans → wage laborers → increased output

    • Division of labor - breaking down a complex production into smaller, specialized tasks

      • Cincinatti - hog factory

      • Delaware - automated flour mill

    • 1830 - “mineral based economy” of coal & metal ermerged w/coal burning systems

  • The textile Industry and British Competition

    • Protect British textile industry frm U.S. → prohibition of export of textile machinery & emigration of mechanics

      • America - abundance of natural resources, ex: cotton & wool

        • MA → DAwaterways provided energy

  • American and British Advantages - 259

    • British advantage - cheap labor

      • larger population → higher acceptance of low paying factory jobs

  • Better Machines, Cheaper Workers - 260

    • American strategies to compete w/ Brit

      • improved on British technology to undersell britain

        • 1813 Boston manufacturing comp inspired by Brit machines

          • used Waltham-Lowell system - employed, educated, & boarded young women

Origins of Southern Cotton . . . 261

  • cotton - labor intensive

    • American SE → ideal for cotton cultivation

  • The Decline of Slavery, 1776-1800 - 261

    • American revolution era → slavery in decline

      • contrasted with revolution values

  • The North Ends Slavery - Slowly - 261

    • Quaker evangilast John Woolman - urged Friends to free slaves

    • 1780 Penn gradual emancipation law - required slaves to buy freedom through years of additional labor

      • adopted connectitcut, NY, Nj, RI later

    • 1810 - many blacks in N enslaved

      • Free Blacks faced prejiduce → 1784 MA emancipation → miscegenation laws

  • Manumission in the Chesapeake - 262

    • American revolution war → slaves hope of freedom

      • thousands of slaves fled owners to fight both sides in war

    • VA manumission act 1782 → allowed owners to free slaves

    • Chesapeake - slavery condemned by evangilical christainity, revolutipn calues, & decrease of tobacco profit

      • owners manumitted slaves/let buy freedom

  • Slavery Resurgent - 262

    • VA slave owners complaint → 1792 legislators forbade manumissions

      • slavery “necessary evil” to maintain white supramacy

    • South 1786 - cotton hard to cultivate

      • 1793 MA native Eli whitney - cotton engine → cotton rush

The Cotton Boom and Slavery . . . 263

  • early 19th century - plantations pushed north and westward

    • lower mississippi valleu - sugar & cotton → development of lousiana & mississippi

    • SC → Texas - black belt, most valuable real estate in world

    • Natives ceded S land → S planters obtained

      • 1840 - cotton production, cornerstone of U.S. eco, couldnt be absorbed by U.S. mills

        • processed in Brit

    • 1776 - 1808 → A.S.T banned → demand for slaves exceeded supply, imported illegaly

  • The Upper South Exports Slaves - 264

    • S looked to chesapeake to buy slaves

      • growing domestic trade in slaves

    • Coastal trade - sugar output soared → traders looked to port cities for slaves

      • Lousiana - “place of slaughter”, bad rep by N

    • 1830s & 1850s Inland system - slave traders traveled through rural villages to trade

      • Chesapeake & carolina provided slaves

      • domestic slave trade → crucial to development of cotton south, & sustaied wealth of slave owners in E

    • cotton/sugar slave → worth more than E slaves

  • The Impact on Blacks - 265

    • chattel principle - slaves owned as property

      • underpinned. S eco system

    • interstate slave trade → seperated families

The Ideology and Reality of “Benevolence” - 266

  • planter arisocracy → prospoured over periphery of S Cotton Belt

    • VA, SC, Lousiana

    • lead in defending slavery

      • apologists - rejected slavery was a “neccesary evil”

        • 1837 SC senator John C. Calhoun - “positive good”

          • elegant lifestyle for white elite & protection for genetically inferior Africans

        • Depicted planter families models of “disinterested benevolence”

    • Christian planters - tried to shape relig lives of chattel, ex: church

      • counter abolitionists critisism & control workers

    • religious justification for slavery - hebrews owned slaves, god didnt condemn slavery

    • benevolence - paternalism

Analyzing Voices: The Debate over Free and Slave Labor . . . 259 (268)

Technological Innovation and Labor - 267

  • American inventiveness → skilled laborers formed unions to bargain w/ employers

    • lower skilled workers → unions faced legal obstacles

The Spread of Innovation . . . 268

  • 1820s - U.S. artisans replaced Brit immigrants at techno innovation

  • Philly Franklin institute - HS lelev instruction in stem & mech design

  • machine tools - machines that made parts for other machines

    • Eli whitney, cotton gin & 1798 weapon manufacturer