Fiji, Revolutions and the Industrial Revolution

Fiji is a beautiful island in the South Pacific inhabited by Polynesian people.
Starting in the late 19th century, a diaspora of other peoples began, including Indians who went to Fiji, Trinidad, Tobago, and Guyana as indentured servants.
People often feel a kinship with their own ethnic group, leading to ethnic enclaves, especially among first-generation immigrants.
Ethnic enclaves are less common in suburban areas due to more mixed populations.
The Indian and Chinese diaspora occurred in the late 19th century.
The arrival of new groups often leads to hostility and racial or ethnic tensions, resulting in anti-immigration laws.
The United States had racist immigration policies until 1965, excluding Asian people and other groups.

Occurred simultaneously with the Atlantic Revolutions.
Reactions to imperialism by the Ottomans, Japanese, and Chinese are also relevant.
These reactions occurred in the 19th century and early 20th century.
The Ottomans, Chinese, and Japanese used defensive policies to avoid being taken over by the British and French.

Isaac Newton discovered laws that explain the physical world (e.g., gravity).
Enlightenment thinkers believed there might be natural laws to explain human society.
Understanding these laws could lead to societal reform.
Enlightenment ideas influenced the Atlantic Revolutions.

Liberalism: Civil rights, representative government, and protection of private property.
Laissez-faire: Free market capitalism.

France had an absolute monarchy under King Louis XVI.
Massive debt from the American Revolution and the Seven Years' War.
Skyrocketing bread prices due to shortages.
King Louis XVI called the Estates General, which hadn't met since 1614.
Estates General: First Estate (church), Second Estate (nobility), Third Estate (everyone else, led by the bourgeoisie).
The bourgeoisie, educated and influenced by Enlightenment ideas, drove the revolution.
The Third Estate formed the National Assembly to limit the king's power.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was created, influenced by Enlightenment ideas.
The revolution became more radical, leading to the death of the king and the creation of a monarchy.
France was at war with all of Europe.
Napoleon led a more conservative phase of the revolution.

Simon Bolivar was a key leader.
Important document: Jamaica Letter.
Bolivar attacked mercantilism.
Enlightenment thinkers advocated for free trade and attacked mercantilism and aristocratic privilege.
Two key Enlightenment ideas: Liberty and equality.
Costa system based on race.
- Peninsulares: Born in Iberia, held top positions in church and military, and had all the political power.
- Creoles: Born in Latin America, had economic power but lacked political power.
Revolutions began during the Napoleonic era when Spain was occupied by the French.
By the 1820s, most of Latin America was free from Spanish control.

Started in the textile industry.
Spread from Britain to Belgium, Northern France, and Germany.
The United States became the third significant leader, followed by Japan and Russia.
Second Industrial Revolution by 1870, led by the United States, focused on chemicals and oil/gas.