WWI
Wilhelm II
Kaiser of Germany who dismissed Bismarck
Otto Von Bismarck
German statesman who unified Germany
Arms Race
Competition between Germany and Britain for military power
Triple Alliance
Military alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Triple Entente
Alliance of France, Britain, and Russia
Imperialism
Competition for colonies and resources among powers
Nationalism
Identification with one's nation and its interests
Balkans
Southeast European region with Slavic majority
Franz Ferdinand
Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne assassinated in 1914
Gavrilo Princip
Serbian nationalist who killed Ferdinand
Austria-Hungary
Empire that declared war on Serbia in 1914
Serbia
Country claiming rights over Slavic lands
Military Alliances
Agreements for mutual defense among nations
Slavic Region
Area in Balkans with significant Slavic population
Independence Movements
Small Balkan countries gained independence in 1900s
War Declaration Chain
Series of declarations leading to WWI outbreak
M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Central Powers
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire (Bulgaria later)
Allies
France, Russia, Great Britain ( later joined Italy, Japan, USA)
Schlieffen Plan
Germany's strategy to quickly defeat France in the west, then fight Russia in the east
Stalemate
A situation in trench warfare where neither side could gain significant ground. "no man's land"
Poison Gas
A deadly weapon used in trenches during WW1, later banned in 1925 by the Geneva Conventions
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Germany's policy was to sink any ship in British waters without warning. (Leading to the US entering the war)
Fighting in the Colonies
European powers extended the war to their colonies in Asia, Africa and the middle East
T.E. Lawrence
He led the British to defeat the Ottomans in the Middle East
Total War
Countries devoted all their resources to the war effort
When does the US join the war
Late 1917
Who stepped down on November 11, 1918
Kaiser Wilhelm ||
What is the total cost of the war
$338 billion
What was the event in Paris involving Wilson, Clemenceau, George and Orlando
Paris Peace Conference
What did the new German government sign on November 11, 1918
An armistice
Which empire surrenders first
Ottoman Empire
Who represented the US at the Paris Conference
Wilson
What protests occurs in Austria-Hungary
Riots and Protests
Who was the French representative at the Paris Peace Conference
Clemenceau
What happens to German soldiers in 1918
Deserting military
Which country did George represent at the Paris Peace Conference
Britain
Who was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference
Orlando
What was US goals
Keep the peace and prevent another war
What was Britain's goals
Get reimbursed for money they lost
What was France's goals
Severely punished Germany for causing war
What was Italy's goals
Gain new land
Who proposed the Fourteen Points
Wilson
What was the Fourteen Points
A guide for nations to shape their own destiny and govern independently
What did Germany accept in the Treaty of Versailles
Blame for the war
What restriction was placed on Germany's military in the Treaty of Versailles
Germany was not able to have an army
What financial obligation did Germany have under the Treaty of Versailles
Had to pay reparations to the Allies
In which year were the final reparations settled
2010
Who were the Armenians within the Ottoman Empire
A Christian minority with a separate language and culture, viewed as a "foreign enemy" during WWI
What happened to the Armenians during WWI
2 million were deported, and 600,000 were killed or died from starvation in what is considered a genocide
What is Turkey's modern stance on the Armenian genocide
The Turkish government denies any genocide or wrongdoing
What major change occurred in the Middle East after WWI
The Ottoman Empire was dissolved, and its lands were partitioned by Britain and France under the Sykes-Picot Agreement
Who modernized Turkey after the fall of the Ottoman Empire
Ataturk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey, transformed it into a democracy
Which countries in the Middle East remained independent after WWI
Saudi Arabia (a Sunni monarchy) and Iran (modernized under the Shah, Shia Muslims)
How long did Russia's monarchy last
Russia had a monarchy for 300 years
Why did Tsar Nicholas II become unpopular
Poor quality of life in Russia: limited rights, poor working conditions, low income, food shortages, and persecution of minorities
What inspired revolutionary ideas in Russia
The writings of Karl Marx, especially The Communist Manifesto, which emphasized class struggle and workers owning production
Who were the Bolsheviks, and who led them
The Bolsheviks were an extreme Marxist group led by Vladimir Lenin, advocating radical change
What three events increased public anger against the Russian monarchy
1. The Russo-Japanese War
2. World War I
3. Bloody Sunday (1905), where Tsar Nicholas II's military fired on protesting workers
What happened to the Russian monarchy during WWI
Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, ending the monarchy. The Romanov family was later executed
What is a "soviet" in the context of the Russian Revolution
A local council of workers, peasants, and soldiers that often had more influence than the government
When did Lenin return to Russia, and why
In 1917, to lead the Petrograd Soviet and push for revolution
What event marked the toppling of the Provisional Government in Russia
Armed workers overthrew the government again
What treaty ended Russian involvement in WWI
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, was signed on March 3, 1918 with Germany to stop Russian involvement
Who led the Red Army during the Russian Civil War
Leon Trotsky
What was the composition of the White Army
Different factions against the Reds
What years did the Russian Civil War span
1918-1922
When did Russia become the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
In 1922
What did the Bolsheviks rename themselves as
The Communist Party
What happened to Lenin in 1922
He suffered a stroke and died in 1924
Who seized power in 1929 after Lenin's death
Joseph Stalin
What is totalitarianism
A government that takes total and centralized control of every aspect of private and public life
Name the four main methods of totalitarianism
1. Police Terror
2. Indoctrination
3. Propaganda and censorship
4. Religious/ethnic persecution
What was the Great Purge under Stalin
The elimination of anyone who threatened Stalin's power, including members of his own party
What was a gulag in Stalin's Soviet Union
A Russian prison camp where suspected traitors were worked to death
Who were the kulaks
Wealthier peasants who owned small family farms
What happened to the kulaks during Stalin's rule
Their property was seized, and they were killed or sent to gulags
What were Stalin's Five Year Plans focused on
Setting high production goals for electricity, steel, agriculture, coal, and oil
What was the estimated death toll from Stalin's policies (not including WWII)
5-10 million Russians
Why did Russia overthrow the government
1917 due to war failures, economic collapse, and public discontent, leading to the Bolsheviks seizing power
Post war Italy
Italy "won" WWI but got no land. The weak government struggled with economic problems
Fascists Rise to Power
Mussolini promised to fix the economy and build the military. His "Black Shirts" attacked Communists
Mussolini Takes Control
In 1922, Mussolini's supporters marched on Rome, and the King made him leader
Fascism
Extreme nationalism, militarism, no individual rights, and one-party rule
Mussolini's Rule
Mussolini, called Il Duce, was Italy's fascist leader
Fascism in Spain
Franco led a fascist revolt in Spain, supported by Mussolini and Hitler
Spanish Civil War
Franco's Nationalists fought Republicans. Neutral countries like the USA stayed out
Franco's Rule
Franco became dictator in 1939. 200,000 civilians were executed during the war
Legacy of Mussolini
Mussolini's rule influenced other dictatorships in Europe
What was china's goal in the early 1900s
To become a modern, united country
Who led the overthrow of the last emperor of China in 1911
Sun Yixian and the Nationalist Party
What were Sun Yixian's Three Principles of the People
Nationalism (end foreign control)
Democracy (representative government)
Livelihood (economic security)
Why did Sun Yixian's plan fail
He couldn't unify China's armies, and citizens were angry that China gained no land after WWI
What was the "Warlord Era"
A period of chaos where regional military leaders controlled different parts of China
Why did students and workers protest in the May Fourth Movement
They were angry over China's weak position after WWI and wanted nationalism and modernization
How did people react to Sun Yixian's response to the protests
At first, he supported them, but later, many protesters turned against him
Why did many Chinese start favoring Communism over democracy
They saw Lenin's version of Communism as a better way to strengthen China
Who organized the Chinese Communist Party
Mao Zedong, who wanted to unite peasants and rural farmers
Who took over after Sun Yixian's death
Jiang Jieshi became the leader of the Nationalists
Who supported the Nationalists and Communists
Nationalists - Supported by the U.S. and Britain.
Communists - Supported by the Soviet Union
Why did the Nationalists and Communists start fighting each other
After defeating the warlords together, they fought for control over China.
What was the Long March
A 6,000-mile retreat by Communists in 1933 to escape Nationalist forces
Why did the Communists go on the Long March
The Nationalists had surrounded them, and they had to escape to survive
What did Mao Zedong say about the Long March
"If we can survive all this, we can survive everything. This is but the first stage of our Long March. The final stage leads to Beijing!"
When did Japan invade China
1931 - Japan invaded Manchuria
1937 - Japan launched a full invasion of China, killing thousands of civilians
Why did Japan invade China
Japan saw China as weak and divided by civil war
How did Japan's invasion affect the Chinese Civil War
The Nationalists and Communists paused their war to unite against Japan