Reform
Fill in the blank notes
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Congress of the United States enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act to restrict immigration from ___________ . Reflecting the societal attitudes towards various _____________ during the period, the act showcased the increasing nativism in American society.
Urbanization
Rapid growth of ___________ was a significant result of industrialization. In 1865, only New York and ___________ had populations over 500,000. By 1900, this number grew to ___________ cities. Urbanization was driven by several factors, including:
Causes of Urbanization
Improved farm ___________ and technology change led to fewer jobs in agriculture.
Increased ___________: Many immigrants, primarily from ___________ , moved to cities seeking jobs.
Migration of African-Americans from the ___________ to the North seeking employment and escape from discrimination.
Improved Farm Equipment
Development of the ___________ Process improved steel quality, enhancing farm equipment.
John Deere’s ___________ allowed for more efficient farming.
Cyrus McCormick’s ___________ enabled harvesting with fewer laborers. As efficiency increased, many left rural agricultural jobs for ___________ work in urban areas.
Increased Immigration
Significant influx of immigrants, primarily from ___________ , with little financial means, led them to settle in cities. Factory jobs available upon arrival contributed to urban population growth.
Migration of African-Americans
Post-13th Amendment, former slaves found limited opportunities in the ___________ and migrated North. Many sought factory work while escaping racial hostility in Southern ___________ .
Problems Caused by Urbanization
Rapid urbanization led to severe issues such as:
Overcrowding and congestion, resulting in inadequate ___________ and infrastructure.
Increased spread of ___________ and crime rates.
Families often lived in ___________ , cramped and lacking basic necessities.
Political Machines
Powerful political organizations, known as ___________ machines, emerged in cities. These machines traded favors for ___________ and bribes, often exploiting immigrants seeking help. Tammany Hall in ___________ , led by Boss Tweed, is a notable example of such corruption.
Immigration in the Late 1800s
Immigration peaked with many entering through ___________ Island, NY. Immigrants sought a better life—escaping ___________ , oppression, or reuniting with family. Major change occurred post-1890, with increased numbers from Eastern and Southern ___________ .
Factors for Immigration
Push Factors Conditions that compelled individuals to leave home countries include: ___________, famines, lack of jobs, political unrest, and religious differences.
Pull Factors Opportunities that attracted immigrants included:
Employment, political and religious freedoms, land availability, and ___________ governments.
The Immigrant Experience
As immigrant populations grew, resentment developed among some American citizens, known as ___________ . Nativist sentiments were fueled by perceptions of job ___________ , crime, and cultural differences.
Ethnic Ghettos
Immigrants tended to settle in neighborhoods with others of the same ___________ , forming ethnic ghettos. These areas provided comfort but often isolated newcomers from ___________ into mainstream American society.
Americanization
Adult immigrants struggled to assimilate due to work demands; however, ___________ learned English and American customs, becoming Americanized. America evolved into a "melting pot," reshaping immigrant ___________ .
Early Restrictions on Immigration
Prior to 1880, immigration to the U.S. was ___________ . The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 marked the first federal immigration restriction. Economic tensions in California led to blame directed at ___________ immigrants.
The Chinese Exclusion Act
The Act prohibited Chinese immigration and restricted the freedoms of ___________ citizens already in the U.S. Chinese-born children were denied ___________ , contradicting the 14th Amendment. In Wong Kim Ark (1898), the Supreme Court ruled that this exclusion was ___________ .
The Last American Frontier
Described as the vast, unsettled lands of the ___________ , inhabited primarily by Native Americans. The expansion westward due to population growth and industrial development transformed the frontier.
The Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush of 1848-1849 attracted thousands of ___________ seeking wealth. Subsequent discoveries in areas like Colorado and ___________ led to the rise and fall of boom towns.
Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869, the railroad connected the Eastern and Western U.S., significantly reducing ___________ time. This infrastructure facilitated westward expansion and ___________ .
Impact of Railroads on Native Americans
Railroads brought hunters that decimated ________ populations, pivotal to Native American survival. Forced Native Americans onto reservations as their lands were ___________ .
The Railroads and Settlers
Railroads facilitated ___________ by providing transportation for settlers and their goods. Led to significant changes in land use and the displacement of Native ___________ .
Availability of Cheap Land
The Homestead Act of 1862 attracted settlers with offers of affordable land, promising opportunities for ___________ and prosperity. Approximately 1.4 million established ___________ under this law.
The Cattle Industry
The post-Civil War period saw a booming cattle industry as cowboys rounded up longhorns for transport to ___________ markets. Demand from the growing Eastern population fueled this new ___________ enterprise.
Changes in the Cattle Industry
The late 19th century marked the end of the open range era due to ___________ and severe winter conditions. Farmers adapted by fencing lands, with ___________ wire becoming prominent.
Farming on the Great Plains
Railroads and acts promoting settlement attracted farmers to the Great Plains. Farmers faced challenges such as ___________ , isolation, and hostile environmental conditions.
The Impact of the Railroads
Railroads connected regions, becoming essential for transporting goods to and from the West. Towns emerged as a result of increased connectivity and ___________ .
The Fate of Native Americans
Native populations dwindled as settlers encroached on their lands, compounded by ___________ and conflict.
Government Policy & Native Americans
U.S. government policies enforced forced removals, leading to the displacement of Native Americans onto ___________ .
Forced Removal of the Indians
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 mandated the relocation of Native Americans, particularly the ___________ , to areas west of the Mississippi. The Trail of Tears witnessed the death of many during forced ___________ .
Settlers' Impact on Native Americans
Settler interest in formerly Native-occupied lands increased following discoveries of ___________ and the establishment of railroads.
The Indian Wars
Settler expansion led to conflicts, with many Native American tribes resisting. Union ________ were deployed to confront these resistance efforts.
Specific Conflicts
The discovery of gold in the ___________ Hills led to significant clashes, notably the Battle of ___________ , where U.S. forces faced severe defeats.
Environmental Impact of Expansion
Increased settlement led to deforestation, destruction of ___________ , and pollution of waterways.
The Dawes Act (1887)
Aimed at assimilating Native Americans by offering individual plots of land, intending to dismantle ___________ tribal structures. Those who adopted farming were promised ___________ and voting rights, significantly impacting Native culture.
American Indian Citizenship Act
Prior to 1924, many Native Americans lacked U.S. ___________ . The Act granted citizenship to Native Americans without requiring them to forfeit their cultural ___________ .