Spanish Exam Notes
Vallecas Neighborhood
- Vallecas is similar to the San Fernando Valley.
Exam Information
- The Sprin Fina Exa Revie Exam will be multiple choice.
- There will be 130 questions.
- The exam will cover verb conjugation, grammar, vocabulary, and images.
- Units to be covered:
- Unit 3B: City and Directions
- Unit 4: Food and Health
- Unit 5: Social Life and Outdoor Activities
- Verb tenses:
- Preterite
- Imperfect tense
- Past progressive
- Grammar topics:
- Direct object pronouns
- Formal commands
- Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives
Unit 3B: City and Directions Vocabulary
- la avenida: avenue
- la calle: street
- la carretera: highway, road
- el cruce: intersection
- la cuadra: block
- la esquina: corner
- la parada de… (bus, tren): the stop for… (bus, train)
- el semáforo: traffic light
- la señal de parada: stop sign
- empezar: to begin
- esperar el bus/tren: to wait for the bus/train
- llegar: to arrive
- manejar: to drive
- atravesar: to cross
- buscar: to look for
- cruzar: to cross
- doblar: to turn
- Girar a la izquierda/derecha: to turn to the left/right
- Seguir recto: to go straight
- parar: to stop
- pasar: to pass
- tener cuidado: to be careful
- seguir derecho: to continue straight ahead
Places (Numbered Locations)
- 1: Hospital
- 2: Biblioteca (Library)
- 3: Parque (Park)
- 4: Oficina de turismo (Tourist office)
- 5: Teatro (Theater)
- 6: Estación de autobuses (Bus station)
- 7: Estación de metro (Metro station)
- 8: Centro comercial (Shopping center)
- 9: Museo (Museum)
- 10: Discoteca (Discotheque)
Unit 4A: Food
Direct Object Pronouns
- Direct object pronouns replace the direct object in a sentence.
- Example: "I saw the film (Direct object) and I really liked it (Direct object pronoun)."
- Example: "Me gustan las manzanas. Me gustan las rojas."
- Direct Object Pronouns (DOPs) usually go before the conjugated verb but also can be used after the verb.
- Example: Marcos lleva los pesos cubanos (Direct Object). Marcos los va a llevar. Marcos va a llevarlos.
- "Los" is replacing "los pesos."
- The direct object can be a person. You need the personal "a" when the direct object is a person.
- Example: Yo necesito a mi madre - La necesito (I need her)
Food Adjectives
- delicioso/a: delicious
- duro/a: hard
- espectacular: spectacular
- horrible: horrible
- pesado/a: heavy
- picante: spicy
- rico/a: tasty, rich
- riquísimo/a: very tasty, extremely rich
- suave: smooth, soft
Food Preparation Verbs
- Preparar la comida: To prepare food
- agregar: to add
- batir: to beat
- cocinar: to cook
- freír (e→i): to fry
- hervir (e→ie): to boil
- hornear: to bake
- licuar: to blend
- mezclar: to mix
- picar: to chop
- refrigerar: to refrigerate
- saltear: to sauté
Cooking Utensils
- la cocina: kitchen
- la cuchara: spoon
- la cucharita: teaspoon
- el cuchillo: knife
- la espátula: spatula
- el horno: oven
- la olla: pot
- la refrigeradora: refrigerator
- la sartén: frying pan
- la tabla de picar: cutting board
- la taza: cup
- el tazón: bowl
Formal Commands (Mandatos formales)
- To form formal commands:
- For -ar verbs, change the ending to -e (usted) or -en (ustedes).
- For -er/-ir verbs, change the ending to -a (usted) or -an (ustedes).
- Examples:
- COMPRAR (to buy): compre (usted), compren (ustedes)
- COMER (to eat): coma (usted), coman (ustedes)
- VIVIR (to live): viva (usted), vivan (ustedes)
- Steps to form commands:
- Start with the yo form of the present tense.
- Drop the -o.
- Add the appropriate ending (e/en for -ar verbs, a/an for -er/-ir verbs).
Unit 4B: Health and Remedies
Body Parts
- la cabeza: head
- el pelo: hair
- la oreja: ear
- la cara: face
- el hombro: shoulder
- la espalda: back
- el codo: elbow
- la mano: hand
- el ojo: eye
- la nariz: nose
- la boca: mouth
- el cuello: neck
- el pecho: chest
- el brazo: arm
- el estómago: stomach
- la pierna: leg
- la rodilla: knee
- el tobillo: ankle
- el pie: foot
- la lengua: tongue
- la garganta: throat
- los pulmones: lungs
The Verb "Doler" (to Hurt)
- Structure: Me/te/le/nos/os/les + duele/duelen + el/la/los/las + body part(s).
- duele is used with singular nouns, and duelen is used with plural nouns.
- Examples:
- Me duele la cabeza. (My head hurts.)
- Le duelen las muelas. (His/her teeth hurt.)
- More examples:
- A Julia le duele la espalda. (Julia's back hurts.)
- A Victoria le duele el estómago. (Victoria's stomach hurts.)
- A Pedro le duele la cabeza. (Pedro's head hurts.)
- A Ricardo le duele la garganta. (Ricardo's throat hurts.)
- A Carmen le duelen los oídos. (Carmen's ears hurt.)
OJO: With "duele", you must use el/la/los/las or it sounds weird.
Health Issues
- fiebre: fever
- congestión: congestion
- estornudo: sneeze
Flu (Gripe) Signs and Symptoms
- sore throat
- dry cough
- rhinitis
- fever
- chills
- headache
- ojos irritados: irritated eyes
- picadura de insecto: insect bite
- ataque de asma: asthma attack
- malestar: discomfort
- dolor de cabeza: headache
- tos: cough
Health Related Expressions
- Le Duele: el estomago, la garganta (stomach, throat)
- Le Duelen: los oidos (ears)
- Tiene: diarrea, fiebre, gripe, nauseas, migraña (diarrhea, fever, flu, nausea, migraine)
- Tiene dolor de: cabeza, espalda, muelas (head, back, molars)
- Esta: resfriado/a, palido/a, enfermo/a, afónico/a (cold, pale, sick, hoarse)
Remedies and Ingredients
- el jarabe: syrup
- el jengibre: ginger
- el limón: lemon
- la cebolla: onion
- el azúcar: sugar
- la sábila/Aloe vera: aloe vera
- la miel: honey
- el té de manzanilla: chamomile tea
- el ajo: garlic
- el agua: water
Matching Symptoms with Remedies
- Me dolía la cabeza (I had a headache) - Ponte hielo (Put ice on it)
- Tenía tos (I had a cough) - Bebe agua caliente con limón y miel (Drink hot water with lemon and honey)
- Yo estaba nervioso (I was nervous) - Respira y haz un poco de yoga (Breathe and do some yoga)
- Yo tenía fiebre (I had a fever) - Quédate en la cama (Stay in bed)
- Yo tenía gripe (I had the flu) - Bebe un jarabe con cebolla, ajo, jengibre (Drink a syrup with onion, garlic, ginger)
- Me picaron unos mosquitos (Some mosquitoes bit me) - Ponte ungüento (cream) (Put on ointment/cream)
- Tenía dolor de estómago (I had a stomach ache) - Toma un té de manzanilla (Drink chamomile tea)
Imperfect Tense
- Used to talk about the past, describing what someone used to do, what things were like, or how things used to be.
- Formation:
- Remove the -ar, -er, or -ir infinitive ending.
- Add the imperfect endings:
- -ar verbs: -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban
- -er/-ir verbs: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían
- Examples:
- hablar: hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, hablábamos, hablabais, hablaban
- comer: comía, comías, comía, comíamos, comíais, comían
- vivir: vivía, vivías, vivía, vivíamos, vivíais, vivían
- The yo and él/ella/usted forms are the same; context clarifies the subject.
- The imperfect forms of the verb soler with an infinitive indicate that someone usually did something or tended to do something.
- Example: Solíamos pasar el verano con mis abuelos. (We usually spent the summer with my grandparents.)
- Expressions often used with the imperfect:
- a veces: sometimes
- muchas veces: often
- (casi) siempre: (almost) always
- todos los años: every year
- Example Sentences: De niño, vivía en un barrio en las afueras del pueblo. As a kid, I lived in a neighborhood on the outskirts of town.
Irregular Imperfect Verbs
- Ir (to go): iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban
- Ver (to see): veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían
- Ser (to be): era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran
- Example: Siempre veía películas de terror cuando iba al cine. (I always watched horror movies when I went to the movies.)
- Example: Yo era un niño travieso pero mis padres eran muy pacientes. (I was a mischievous child, but my parents were very patient.)
Preterite Tense
-Ar verb endings:
-Er/-Ir verb endings:
Second and Third Class Stem Changing Verbs
- preferir, sentir, dormir, morir
- These verbs have an "i" in the third person singular and plural
- These verbs have a "u" in the third person and plural
Irregular Preterite Verbs
- Verbs ending in "uir" add a "y" to the third-person singular and plural forms.
- Construir: construí, construiste, construyó, construimos, construisteis, construyeron.
- Leer (to read) and oír (to listen) also need a "y": leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leísteis, leyeron; oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oísteis, oyeron.
- Tener, Andar, Estar: These verbs have a -uv in the preterite root. (No accents).
- Poner, Poder, Saber: These have a "u" in the stem. (No accents).
- Querer, Hacer, Venir: These have an "i" in the root.
- Verbs that have a "j" in the root and end in "ir": Decir, Traer, Traducir.
- Ir (to go) and Ser (to be) have the same forms in the preterite: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron.
Preterite vs Imperfect
| Imperfecto | Pretérito |
|---|---|
| Weather | Specific period of time |
| Time | Specific number of times |
| Descriptions (ser & estar) | Sequence of events |
| Single event |
Unit 5A: Social Life
Vocabulary
- aburrirse: to get bored
- comunicarse: to communicate
- conectarse a las redes sociales: to connect with someone via a social network
- divertirse: to have fun
- encontrarse: to meet up
- hacer planes: to make plans
- pasar tiempo con: to spend time with
- picar (comida): to nibble or eat small bites
- reunirse: to get together with (someone)
- verse: to see each other
Invitations
- ¿Quieres salir conmigo el… (Viernes)?: Do you want to go out with me on…? (Friday)
- ¿Te gustaría ir al/a la…conmigo?: Would you like to go to the…with me?
Accepting an Invitation
- ¡Chévere! ¡Vamos!: Cool! Let's go!
- ¡De acuerdo!: Agreed!
- ¡Sí, me gustaría!: Yes, I would like to!
Refusing an Invitation
- Muchas gracias, pero no: Thank you, but no.
- Que pena pero no puedo ir: What a shame, but I can't go.
- Lo siento pero no voy a poder… (llegar allí): I'm sorry, but I won't be able to… (make it).
Outdoor Activities
- broncearse: to tan
- bucear: to dive
- escalar en montaña: to mountain climb
- esquiar: to ski
- hacer kayaking: to go kayaking
- hacer senderismo: to hike
- hacer snowboarding: to snowboard
- hacer surf/surfear: to surf
- mirar/ir a un partido de…: to watch/go to a … game
- montar en bicicleta de montaña: to mountain bike
Expressions of Frequency
- a menudo: often
- a veces: sometimes
- frecuentemente: frequently
- nunca: never
- siempre: always
- todos los días: every day
- todo el tiempo: all the time
- un poco: a little
Describing the weather in the past
- Estaba nublado/Estaba soleado: It was overcast/It was sunny.
- Hacía calor/Hacía frío: It was hot/It was cold.
- Llovía: It was raining.
- Nevaba: It was snowing.
Unit 5B: Shopping
Clothing
- la chaqueta: jacket
- los pantalones: pants
- los zapatos: shoes
- las botas: boots
- la falda: skirt
- el vestido: dress
- la gorra: cap
- los guantes: gloves
- las sandalias: sandals
- los pantalones cortos: shorts
- la camisa: shirt
- la blusa: blouse
- la camiseta: t-shirt
- el traje de baño: bathing suit
- los jeans: jeans
Adjectives
- ancho/a: wide, loose
- ajustado/a: tight-fitting
- corto/a: short
- largo/a: long
- limpio/a: clean
- sucio/a: dirty
- liso/a: plain
- a rayas: striped
- roto/a: torn
Colors
- blanco/a: white
- negro/a: black
- gris: gray
- naranja: orange
- rojo/a: red
- fucsia: fuchsia
- azul: blue
- lila: lilac
- verde: green
- rosa: pink
- amarillo/a: yellow
- marrón: brown
- morado/a: purple
Demonstratives (Adjectives and Pronouns)
| Masculine | Feminine | Plural Masculine | Plural Feminine | Meaning | Proximity | Here | There | Over There | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | este | esta | estos | estas | This | Close | aquí | ahí | allá |
| ese | esa | esos | esas | That | Far | ||||
| aquel | aquella | aquellos | aquellas | That (over there) | Farther |
Demonstrative Pronouns (Neuter)
- esto: This
- eso: That
- aquello: That (over there)