lab practical 3

Cerebrum	The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain in mammals. It is composed of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.
Fontal lobe	These lobes lie between the frontal bones and the central sulcus, and above the eye orbits. They have motor functions, but also deal with aggression, mood, foresight, motivation, and social judgements.
Parietal lobe	These lobes lie between the parietal bones and the central sulcus. They function in integration of sensory information with the exceptions of vision, hearing, and smell.
Occipital lobe	This lobe lies between the occipital bone and the parieto-occipital sulcus. Its function is to receive and interpret visual signals.
Temporal lobe	This lobe lies between the temporal bone and the lateral sulcus. It functions in memory, vison, learning, hearing, and emotional behavior.
Gyri	These are the thick folds in the surface of the cerebrum. “Gyrus” is the singular form of “gyri.”
Sulci	These are the shallow grooves in the surface of the cerebrum. “Sulcus” is the singular form of “sulci.”
Longitudinal fissure	This fissure is a deep groove separating the cerebrum into right and left halves.
Cerebral Hemisphere	The longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Cerebellum	This is the second largest part of the brain in mammals and the largest part of the brain in birds. The cerebellum is involved in the regulation of posture and balance, fine motor control of skeletal muscles, and repetitive movements.
Pituitary gland	This is an endocrine gland directly attached to the hypothalamus. It is divided into anterior and posterior portions. The anterior pituitary produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands, and directly affect target cells. The posterior pituitary functions to store and release hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
Thalamus	This structure functions to integrate all sensory information (with the exception of smell) from the body, and channels it into proper processing regions in the cerebrum.
Hypothalamus	This is the structure that is the major integration system between various organ systems and the nervous system. It coordinates activities of both the nervous and endocrine systems, and between voluntary and autonomic activities. It is attached directly to the pituitary gland.
Mammillary body	This is a structure that processes olfactory information and contains centers for reflex movements involved in eating, such as chewing, licking, and swallowing.
Pineal body	This is the region that regulates the day/night cycle. It also secretes the hormone melatonin, which affects sleepiness.
Corpus callosum	This is the part of the brain that contains the nerve tracts and physically joins the two cerebral hemispheres.
Midbrain	This region that is also called the “mesencephalon.” It is located above the pons and is the smallest part of the brain stem. The oculomotor, trochlear, and trigeminal cranial nerves originate in this area.
Pons	The pons is located just above the medulla, on the brain stem. It works with the medulla to control respiration and helps regulate sleep. It is the origin for the trigeminal, abducens, facial, and vestibulocochlear cranial nerves.
Medulla oblongata	The medulla is at the base of the brain stem. It contains nerve centers for the regulation of heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccoughing.
Optic chiasma	This is a structure that is located on the bottom-center of the brain where the two optic nerves cross.
Olfactory bulbs	These bulbs are located just below the frontal lobes. They function in the sense of smell.

Olfactory nerve (I)	Originates in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity and terminates in the olfactory lobe.	Sensory nerve functioning in the sense of smell.
Optic nerve (II)	Originates in the retina and goes to the optic chiasma. The right nerve goes to the left hemisphere and the left nerve goes to the right hemisphere.	Sensory nerve involved in vision.
Oculomotor nerve (III)	A mixed nerve originating in the brain and terminating at the eye.	Sensory function is to provide information on the position of the eye. Motor functions include eye and eyelid movement, controlling pupil diameter, and focusing.
Trochlear nerve (IV)	A mixed nerve that originates in the brain and terminates in the eye.	Sensory function is to provide information on the position of the eye. Motor functions are lateral and inferior movement of the eye.
Trigeminal nerve (V)	A mixed nerve divided into three branches. The branches originate in the face, jaws, mouth, tongue, and scalp and terminate in the pons.	Sensory function is to transport information from various touch receptors on the face. Motor function is chewing.
Abducens nerve (VI)	A mixed nerve originating in the pons and innervating the lateral rectus eye muscles.	Sensory function is to provide information on the position of the eye. Motor function is the lateral movement of the eye.
Facial nerve (VII)	A mixed nerve originating in the pons. It innervates the muscles of the face, scalp, neck, and salivary glands.	Sensory functions are reception of taste stimuli from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and the position of face and scalp muscles. Motor functions include controlling facial expressions and secretions from the salivary glands.
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)	A mixed nerve originating in the inner ear and terminating in the thalamus.	Sensory nerve functioning in hearing and equilibrium. Motor functions include a response by the head and neck to changes in equilibrium.
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)	A mixed nerve with motor fibers originating in the medulla and traveling to the pharyngeal region. Sensory fibers originate in the pharyngeal region, middle and external ear, rear of the tongue, and the carotid arteries.	Sensory functions are taste and touch by the tongue, the gag reflex, regulation of blood pressure, and respiration. Motor functions include the control of pharyngeal muscles in swallowing, speech, salivation, and the gag reflex.
Vagus (X)	A mixed nerve with motor fibers originating in the medulla and terminating in the pharyngeal region, digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. The sensory fibers originate in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, the pharyngeal region, and external ear.	Sensory functions involve sensations from the respiratory tract, pharyngeal region, external ear canal, and of hunger and fullness. Motor functions include controlling swallowing, coughing, speech, and the smooth muscles of the respiratory and digestive systems.
Accessory nerve (XI)	A mixed nerve originating in the medulla and the upper cervical portions of the spinal cord.	Sensory function is to provide information on the position of the muscles of the head, neck, and shoulders. Motor functions include controlling those muscles and voluntary swallowing.
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)	Primarily a motor nerve originating in the upper cervical portions of the spinal cord and terminating in the muscles of the tongue.	Sensory function is to provide information on tongue movement. Motor function is to control muscles involved in food manipulation, swallowing, and speech.

Spinal cord	The spinal or nerve cord is located in the vertebral foramen. It begins at the foramen magnum and ends at the conus medullaris in the lumbar region. It conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to the body.
Dura mater	The most superficial layer of connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It functions to protect the brain and spinal cord.
Arachnoid layer of meninges	Avascular layer of connective tissue that functions to protect the brain and spinal cord.
Subarachnoid space	A space between the arachnoid and pia mater containing cerebrospinal fluid.
Pia mater	A thin, transparent layer of connective tissue on the surface of the brain and spinal cord. It contains the blood vessels that nourish the spinal cord.
White matter of spinal cord	This area surrounds the gray matter. It is composed of both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. It is has three regions: the anterior, lateral, and posterior columns.
Gray matter of spinal cord	This area is shaped like a butterfly or the capital letter “H” in cross-section. It is composed of neuron cell bodies, neuroglia cells, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. It has three regions: the anterior, lateral, and posterior horns. The central canal is in the center of the gray matter.
Central canal	This is a space running longitudinally through the length of the gray matter within the spinal cord, containing cerebrospinal fluid.
Dorsal root of spinal nerve	These structures contain the axons of the autonomic sensory neurons.
Dorsal root ganglion	Located within the dorsal root, this area contains the cell bodies of somatic and autonomic sensory neurons.
Ventral root of spinal nerve	This structure contains the cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles.
Spinal nerves	These are the nerve tracks that connect the spinal cord with various regions of the body.