Energy moves through the Sun's convection zone by means of the rising of hot gas and falling of cooler gas.
Nearly all the visible light we see from the Sun is emitted from the photosphere.
Most of the Sun's ultraviolet light is emitted from the narrow layer called the chromosphere where temperature increases with altitude.
We can see the Sun's corona most easily during total solar eclipses.
The radiation zone is the layer of the Sun between its core and convection zone.
Which of the following layers of the Sun can be seen with some type of telescope? Consider all forms of light, but do not consider neutrinos or other particles.
radiation zone |
photosphere |
convection zone |
chromosphere |
core |
corona |
Stellar nurseries, such as the Orion nebula, contain hundreds or more fragmenting and contracting regions, as well as many protostars and stars. What condition would allow a protostar to become a stable star?
Eventually, a protostar will grow so large that it will stop fragmenting and start rotating. |
Protostars do not become stable stars. |
When a protostar becomes hot enough for nuclear fusion to start, thermal pressure can balance the force of gravity. |
Compared with Earth's diameter, the Sun's diameter is about
the same. |
ten times larger. |
one hundred times larger. |
one million times larger. |
Overall, the Sun's average density is roughly the same as that of
rain clouds. |
water. |
silicate rocks. |
iron-nickel meteorites. |
If astronomers lived on Venus instead of on Earth, the solar constant they measure would be
larger. |
smaller. |
the same. |
According to the standard model of the Sun (Figure16.6 in the textbook), as the distance from the center increases, the density decreases
at about the same rate as the temperature decreases. |
faster than the temperature decreases. |
more slowly than the temperature decreases. |
but the temperature increases. |
A typical solar granule is about the size of
U.S. city. |
large U.S. state. |
the Moon. |
Earth. |
As we move to greater and greater distances above the solar photosphere, the temperature in the Sun's atmosphere
steadily increases. |
steadily decreases. |
first decreases and then increases. |
stays the same. |
The time between successive sunspot maxima is about a
month. |
year. |
decade. |
century. |
The primary source of the Sun's energy is
fusion of light nuclei to make heavier ones |
the slow release of heat left over from the Sun's formation |
fission of heavy nuclei into lighter ones |
the solar magnetic field |
Why does fusion only occur under conditions of extremely high temperature?
Electrons normally repel each other, so only in a hot gas are they traveling fast enough to approach each other closely. |
In fusion, electrons are stripped off of atoms, so the gas needs to be sufficiently hot for the atomic collisions to be violent enough. |
Protons normally repel each other, so only in a hot gas are they traveling fast enough to approach each other closely. |
Which of the following is a particle produced in the proton-proton fusion reaction?
oxygen nucleus |
anti-proton |
neutrino |
The solar neutrino problem is that
we detect more solar neutrinos than we expect. |
we detect fewer solar neutrinos than we expect. |
we detect the wrong type of neutrinos. |
we can't detect solar neutrinos. |