The particulate nature of matter

U: is internal energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy due to their (intermolecular forces)

Strength of IMF (Intermolecular Forces) at same temperature

Liquid > solid > polyatomic gas>monoatomic gas

Thermal energy: Kinetic energy transferred between two bodies at different temperature from Hot to cold, unit is joules

Temperature: Measure of the average Ek of particles, indicates direction of heat flow unit is kelvin

Conduction is the process by which kinetic energy is passed form molecule to molecule due to random motion. Good conductors are metal because of free electrons transfer kinetic energy quickly. Poor conductors are called thermal insulator.

Convection is the movement of groups of atoms or molecules within fluids due to differences in density. A convection current is a cycle of hot and cool fluid (gas or liquid) due to changes in density.

thermal energy transfer rate (ΔQ/Δt) by conduction depends on the type material (k), the cross-sectional area of contact (A), the length of the material heated (Δx), and the temperature difference (ΔT) between the two materials.

Black body: Absorbs all light

Grey body: Everything in between most things in the universe

White Body: reflects everything

 

Ideal Gases

Real Gases

  1. Cannot be liquefied


  1. Has no intermolecular forces (IMF)


  1. Has no potential energy due to no IMF


  1. Are monatomic → gases of one atom


  1. Are perfectly spherical and elastic


  1. Have no volume (act like points)


  1. Obey gas laws for all ranges of p and T

  1. Can be liquefied


  1. Have intermolecular forces (IMF)


  1. Have potential energy due to IMF


  1. Are polyatomic → gases of molecules


  1. They are not spherical, and are inelastic


  1. They have volume (do not act like points)


  1. Only follow gas laws at low p, high T

 

Gas Law

IV & DV

CVs

Relationship

#1

Boyle’s Law

pressure (p)

volume (V)

moles (n)

temperature (T)

 P ∝1/V

#2

Charles’ Laws

volume (V)

temperature (T)

moles (n)

pressure (p)

V∝T 

#3

Gay-Lussac’s Law

pressure (p)

temperature (T)

moles (n)

volume (V)

P∝T 

#4

Avogadro’s Law

(not an official law)

moles (n)

volume (V)

pressure (p)

temperature (T)

n∝V 

Watts: Js-1

Ohm:

Resistance: How hard is for a current to move through

Resistivity: Materials property to apply resistance