ANFS 345 Exam 1

Exoskeleton – stable outer shell of organism (crabs,

grasshoppers, cockroaches)

Endoskeleton – forms support structure inside the body

Hydroskeleton - flexible skeleton supported by fluid

pressure (invertebrates like earthworm)

Cytoskeleton – present in cytoplasm of cells (made of

microfilaments, primarily actin)

Cortisol – body’s main

stress hormone

Hippocampus controls the HPA axis, so as the

hippocampus deteriorates your ability to control stress

decreases

• Shrinking of prefrontal cortex (front part of cerebral cortex)

• Stops hippocampus from making new connections

• Makes it harder to learn and remember

• Sets stage for more serious problems – depression and

Alzheimer’s

Central nervous system (CNS)

• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

• Includes –

• Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – Voluntary

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Involuntary

Central Nervous System

– Brain and Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System

– Cranial (12 pairs – human/dog/cat/chicken)

– Spinal (31 pairs – human/cat, 36 – dog, 36 to 42 –

horse, 38 - chicken)

Made up of ganglia, nerve cells (neurons) [and glial cells]

Forebrain – Cerebrum

(Cerebral Hemisphere – left & right)

Midbrain – Midbrain

Hindbrain – Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum

Brainstem — made up of

midbrain, pons, medulla

Afferent Neuron – bring information into the CNS

Efferent Neuron – bring information from the CNS

Typically divided across organ systems:

• Nervous system

• Skeletal system

• Muscular system

• Endocrine system

• Respiratory system

• Cardiovascular system

• Immune (including lymphatic) system

• Digestive system

• Renal (urinary) system

• Reproductive system