superior limb

Features of Bones in Superior Limb

  • Endosteum: A thin membrane lining inner surfaces of bones.

  • Periosteum: A fibrous layer covering the outer surface of bones.

  • Medullary Cavity: The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.

  • Physes (Epiphyseal Cartilage): Area essential for the growth of long bones.

Classification of Bones

  • Axial Skeleton:

    • Comprises bones of the head, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

  • Appendicular Skeleton:

    • Includes free parts of limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic).

  • Pectoral Girdle: Supports the superior limb (includes clavicles and scapulae).

  • Pelvic Girdle: Supports the inferior limb.

Bones of the Superior Limb

  • Major Bones:

    1. Scapula: Shoulder blade.

    2. Clavicle: Collarbone.

    3. Humerus: Upper arm bone.

    4. Radius and Ulna: Forearm bones.

    5. Carpals: 8 wrist bones.

    6. Metacarpals: 5 bones in the palm.

    7. Phalanges: 14 total finger bones.

    8. Sesamoid Bones: 2 in the hand.

Articulating and Non-Articulating Surfaces

  • Articulating Surfaces:

    • Condyle: Rounded articular surface.

    • Head: Similar to condyle; rounded surface.

    • Trochlea: Smooth, pulley-like surface.

  • Non-Articulating Surfaces:

    • Border: Edge of a bone.

    • Face/Surface: Specific surface of a bone.

    • Fossa: Shallow depression.

    • Epicondyle: Adjacent area to a condyle.

  • Projections for Muscular Attachment:

    • Tubercle, Tuberosity, Tuber, Trochanter: Roughened areas for muscle attachments.

    • Spine: Ridge or projection.

Specific Bones

  • Clavicle Features:

    1. Sternal extremity.

    2. Acromial extremity.

    3. Conoid tubercle.

  • Scapula Features:

    • Posterior View: Includes scapular spine and fossas.

    • Anterior View: Contains the subscapular fossa and glenoid cavity.

  • Humerus Key Structures:

    • Greater and Lesser Tubercle: Projections for muscle attachment.

    • Condyle: Humeral condyle consists of capitulum and trochlea.

    • Epicondyles: Medial and lateral for muscle attachments.

  • Radius and Ulna Features:

    • Radius: Tuberosity, styloid process, ulnar notch.

    • Ulna: Olecranon, trochlear notch, coronoid process.

  • Carpal Bones:

    • List: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.

    • Mnemonic: Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle.

  • Phalanges:

    • Naming convention examples:

      1. Proximal phalanx of the second digit.

      2. Distal phalanx of the third digit.

    • Classification: Proximal, Middle, Distal phalanges.

Additional Notes

  • Include sesamoid bones in the study of bones in the hand.