ELIZABETH NOTES

BACKGROUND

• born in 1533 as the middle child of Henry VIII, her mother was his second wife (anne Boleyn)

• she came to the throne aged 25 in the year 1558

• born in 1553, execution of Anne Boleyn in 1536 at Tower Hill London, declared illegitimate in 1536, not allowed to court in 1536, reinstated into the succession in 1543 after her father marries Katherine Parr, his last and sixth wife and Mary is also restored to the succession but the 1536 act remains as Parr brings back all Henry’s children to court, implicated in the Wyatt rebellion and imprisoned in the tower of London in 1555

• Born in Greenwich, England, an extremely smart child who said to her governess ‘why Princess Elizabeth yesterday and the lady Elizabeth today’

• After the death of her mother, Liz leaves court for Hatfield House, Hertfordshire where she spends her childhood, she is here when she is pronounced Queen in 1558

• In 1547, Henry dies so Ed becomes the new king of England. Liz lives with her stepmother Katherine Parr and her new husband Thomas Seymour at Sudeley Castle. he actually considers marrying Liz first (Somerset says no) there is a question as to whether she was sexually assaulted by Thomas Seymour. Parry and Kat Ashely describe it as ‘romping in the bed’.

• In 1551, Liz was at the court of her half brother (Ed) after Parr dies in childbirth and Thomas Seymour was executed. But in 1553 Ed dies of tuberculosis leaving the throne to ‘the Lady Jane and her heirs male’ breaking the English law (act of succession) and going against the wishes of his dead father. LJG is then proclaimed Queen of England and deposed in this period and Mary is proclaimed Queen. In 1554 LJG and her husband Guildford Dudley are executed at the Tower of London (following Wyatt). In this period (pre-Wyatt) Liz backs Mary, regardless of the religious issues as she is the next in the line of succession this way.

• In 1554, Mary marries PII which leads to Wyatt’s rebellion. Mary has Liz imprisoned in the Tower of London for eight weeks on suspicion on involvement in Wyatt’s plot (as the plan was to marry her to Courtenay). Cecil likely knew of Wyatts but nothing could be traced back to Liz. She writes letters to Mary, professing her loyalty and scores through the rest of the paper so nothing could be added to it. She is later released from the Tower of London and movers to Woodstock (this is pretty much house arrest and later goes to Hatfield)

• 1555, England returns to Roman Catholicism and Protestants are burnt with 286 burnt at the stake. Mary calls her to court (to profess herself as a catholic) but Liz is known as the ‘protestant princess’ and by this point she knows Mary won’t have any kids. So she feigns illness, Mary sends her own doctor who says she is actually well enough to travel - but she says she isn’t well so has to be carried in a litter to ‘recover’ and when she arrives at court she ‘faints’ in the Latin services. (some think she may genuinly have been il

• When it’s clear that Mary won’t have any kids Liz is packed by PII as he thinks he can marry her so Mary won’t kill her or remove her from the succession.

• 1558, Mary dies and Liz ascends to the throne, upon hearing of Mary’s death she said ‘it is the lords doing and is marvelous in our eyes’

• KEY ISSUES - religion, the privy council, legitimacy, gender, marriage, finances, France, Scotland

GOLDEN AGE

• English paintings are heavily influenced by Flemish artists, formal portraitures are very important with Liz leading the way, many nobles and gentry had portraits painted as a sign of status

• However formal portraiture lacked the sophistication of Holbein

• Miniaturism became very important (eg Nicholas Hilliard), Liz had her own collection of miniatures set in lockets and rings, eg ring with her and probably Anne Boleyn inv(worn her whole life, signifying her mothers secret importance)

• Liz had lots of official portraits done and these were then copied to maintain the image of Gloriana. Eg lots of copies of the armada portrait and the rainbow portrait

• Liz played the lutes and the virginials, she also enjoyed dancing as a form of exercise, she employed 70 musicians.

• All nobles at court were expected to be musical and play the lute

• music was popular at all levels of society, but especially at court, the greatest composers wrote religious music, eg William Byrd and Thomas Tallis (both catholics). Byrd wrote Cantioes Sacrae (religous music) compared with Bach, he was an organist for Liz. Annoyed the puritans especially as Liz sometimes sang in Latin

• Orlando Gibbons (composed for the CofE) and was a famous musician

• Liz and her musicians saved church music from the puritans who would have liked it gone.

• Choral Polyphony was a type of ch music (had different sung parts) and many hymns were written which are still in use today

• OTHER MUSICIANS - John Dowland, John Wilbye, Thomas Campion

• Volta was one of her favourite dances (risque), Ladies often expected to play an instrument

• Increase in the writings of secualr music, printing press also meant that music was spread.

• Most popular form of music was the madrigal, an unaccompanied piece for voices with a pastoral or romantic theme. Often non-political and in 1601 Morley put together a collection of 23 madrigals ‘The triumph of Orlando’ which honoured Liz and was a way of reinforcing the Gloriana myth. Wilbye was another famous madrigal composer.

• Professional musicians were employed in the churches, by the nobles and gentry at court. Many nobles have musicians in house and a minstrels gallery

• Many towns have official bands called WAITS for working/towns people who perform at local events. Street musicians or travelling minstrels went to towns, looked down upon as the cheapest music, also bring gossip

• Ballads, songs, rhymes were printed on single sheets and sold cheap (very popular) often these were rude (eg Watkins Ale was a song about getting drunk and a bar maid that wanted sex)

• Bagpipes and fiddles were common amongst the poor, the rich had lutes, spinnets, harpsichords

• Lute songs were popular, Dowland was the best known song wrier and published book of songs in 1597.

• novels were not known of in the Elizabethan period, but an increasing amount of literature was being bought, most popular was Foxe’s book of martyrs (eg Lambert) piece of protestant propaganda

• Also popular were books that combined humanist and classical principles with a political commentary, eg sir Philip Sydney’s ARCADIA which basically said that a state was best served by a monarch whose powers were curtailed by the political class. (revolutionary)

• An emergence of a unique and confident style, with the english bible crucial in the development of the english language and literacy levels.

• To an extent helps to standardise the english language, people from the nourth/south now understand each other and it doesn’t get rid of dialects/colloquiasisms

• shakespeare! Also Marlowe, famously killed in a tavern brawl (considered better than shakeaspeare but died), his plays eg ‘the jew of malta’ undoubtedly influenced Shakespeare.

• Kyd wrote many plays, most now lost but one was the basis of Shakespeare's Hamlet. , remaining plays about Spain and revenge (lots of blood and death on stage)

• Dekker remembered for his realistic portrayal of daily London life - new aspect of drama

• Start of the reign, most plays were religious ‘mystery plays’, and they were often about saints, however the gov stopped these as there were fears about religious unrest.

• Main reason why people go to the theatre is to watch plays, entrance fee was cheap so the audience is people from all across society. Some of the wealthy just go to be seen in fine clothes and noticed by other wealthy people/courtiers. Also a chance to socialise, make business contracts and meet future partners.

• Secular plays were new and exciting but comedies and tragedies also important

• Large crowds would attract pickpockets and criminals, with well known performers attracting huge crowds (sometimes queues up to 2000)

• Poor people stand in the pit in front of the stage, cheapest tickets were 1d, seats were expenisve and most expensive were directly above the stage (be seen)

• only men would act, not women

• 1st theatre opened in Shoreditch (just outside the city of London), owner was Burbage called ‘the theatre’, 1577 was ‘the curtain’, 1587 was ‘the rose’, 1596 was ‘the swan’ and 1599 ‘the globe’

• Famous actors were Burbage (son of owner of theatre tragic actor lead in many of Shakespeare’s Othello King Lear Hamlet likely plays were written with him in mind and later took over the running of the globe), alleyn (famous for his strong voice, tragic actor, energy, very rich, bought land and established a college), Kempe (comic actor, famous for his dancing and outrageous outfits) and Pope (comic, overweight do played bigger bolder characters such as Belch and Falstaff)

• Nobles invited actors to perform at country houses. Some nobles protected actors from being punished. The Lord Chamberlain’s men were given monetary be Liz’s own Lord Chamberlain (Lord Hunsdon). Queens men are a seperate group of players. Earl of Leicester owned a company called ‘Leicester’s men’

• Some nobles thought the theatre was a good idea as it made the poor happy and forget about their problems but Puritans disapproved of theatre (see them as dens of sin don’t like men dressed as women)

• Some plays were adaped or banned due to political concerns, eg RII by Shakespeare as it was about being overthrown and Henry IV by Hayward - dedicated to Essex mirroring his career, about a rebellion, done just before his own rebellion. RII was written in late 1590/1600s as don’t like Liz at this point eg monopolies and petticoat rule.

• sonnets (14 lines, 10 syllables per line) had been introduced in the 1530s. Many dramatists, eg Shakespearen sonnets = very popular under Liz

• Edmund Spenser most famous poet under Liz, eg THE FAIRIE QUEEN, a ling poem about Liz portraying her as a queen and a woman

• Poetry now influenced poets for the next 300 years.

• 1530s was the Petrachan Sonnet

• As Liz progressed around the country (to save money) she encouraged her leading courtiers and nobles to construct bigger and better houses to entertain her. They were characterised by symmetry, lots of windows so light and spacious, built of brick, eg Hardwick hall and Kennilworth castle.

• Liz did not build new palaces (unlike HVIII), many new houses built in the Dutch style of Northern Mannerisms eg Montacute house.

• Robert Smythsons was a famous architect

• When Liz visited it would bankrupt (eg Talbot)

• paintings add to opulance and ideas of space

• studied Ptolemey (astronomy), Galen (medicine) and Aristotle (science). Ptolemey argued the earth was the centre of the comos and surrounded by 9 spheres. In one sphere was stars and antoher plants etc. Spheres move in harmony with the universe, this has an impact on music eg Tallis trying to get music into spheres that move together.

• Ideas of areas went down to society today with the Great chain of being from God, through angels, queen, nobles, peasants, animals, insects. Belief also in the divine right of kings (reinforced by Liz as as woman)

• believed in 4 elements and 4 humours

• John Dee - Liz’s favourite philosopher, mainly a mathematician, but also a scientist and an astonomer, astrology etc. Worked for Liz and some other nobs eg Leicester, he believed maths was key to the universe, a great scholar. Made navigation charts for Muscovy and was obsessed with the occult as his career developed.

• Digges agreed with Copernicus in 1576 that the sun was at the centre of the universe not the earth and there were supporters of Paracelsus (disagree with Galen) but the spread of science was limited in liz’s reign.

• Sport was controlled by the gov in terms of what you participated in, 1512 a law had been passed (still relevant) that banned the poor from playing sports, eg Tennis, dice, cards, skittles, , only nobles can take part in tournaments (eg jousting, hunting stags)

• Yeoman farmers could hunt foxes and everyone else just hunted hares and rabbits

• both rich and poor would gamble on the outcomes of sports.

• Football was a lower class sport, very violent, could be deaths in match, last for hours, aim was to get the ball in the goal, can pick up the ball and run with it, no limit on number of players, can trip up opposing team, no pitch size rules, goals often a mile apart and the ball was a stuffed pigs bladder

• Cudgels was 2 men standing opposite each other and hit each other with a big stick, winner is one left standing.

• Shin hacking, 2 men stand opposite and kick each others shin until the other can’t take it anymore

• Blood sports - bear and bull baiting, even Liz watched it, famous bears included Tom Lincoln, Harry Hunks and Blind Robin

• bull fighting, most towns have a bull ring, bulls were inexpensive and dogs set on bull and it was a fight to the death, bulls usually chained up. Cock fighting, also occured and puritans disappeared as the fights occured on a sunday.

• Public executions were another form of entertainment, people enjoyed a good hanging especially if it was someone important. In london there were complaints made when a hangman hung 20 people at once as they wanted them hung one at a time so they could see the expressions on their faces.

• Fair was a market, full of noise, goods, carnival/circus eg fire eaters

• People also watch the strolling players, who are groups of actors that go from village to village and performed plays but also took gossip with them

• Many games took place on holy days, eg May day. Attend church in the morning and then sports in the afternoon.

• Protestants like the idea of bloodsports, just dislike that they are on a sunday

• Due to reformation, Bible is in English, printing press in Renaissance meant an increase in desire to read and write under Liz, thus a demand for schools with Humanism having an impact on what was taught in schools however most schools still study the classics

• Estimated 30% of men and 10% of women are literate by 603 compared to 20% of men and 10% of women in 1530. Only usually high class women were educated, most girls were expected to marry and look after the family - so no need for education, whereas boys needed it to find employement so an education would help.

• Most of education in the 15th century is assosciated with church but 16th century new schools began under Ed. Stone (historian) describes it as ‘educational revolution’, school days were long (10hrs start at 6am in the summer and 7am in the winter), school holidays were short and severe discipline (cane/rod)

• Big increase in the number of grammar schools, mainly taught latin and greek (seen as the passport to higher education), open to boys not girls usually start grammar school 8-13/14yrs. Usually 4 or 5 classes and the smaller schools would have 1 teacher/master, some of the older boys would teach the younger ones.

• 42 grammar schools founded in the 1560s/70s, every town in Eng had a grammar school according to William Harrison (Liz writer), more schools under Liz than ever before. Some grammar schools ran alternative curriculums focussed on english, writing, maths, geography for sons of merchant (get ahead in economy) and middling sort benefit from this

• Petty schools are run in the teachers home, single sex, after this bright/well off boys would go to grammar. Going to petty school depended on the parents, whether the family could manage with one less wage earner, schools were not compulsory and some would leave early to be an apprentice to a master craftsman.

• Girls schools were known as ‘dame schools’ but only a few go to these as most girls stay at home to learn the fame art of wife, cooking, cleaning, sewing and treating the sick.

• Poor children have no education, learnt what they eeded from families and generally work in the fields, didn’t have jobs that require literacy. Education gained depended on social status, most people couldn’t sign name and would make a mark in the shape/symbol. (allows historians to gain literacy levels)

• Oxford and Cambridge are the only 2 unis, inns of court are in london where lawyers go and a college of higher education set up in london in 1597

• start uni at 14/15yrs and study geometry, astronomy, law, divinity, logic and rhetoric, the highest qualification was a doctorate in medicine, law or theology

• 1571 Liz founded Jesus college Oxford, Mildmay (courtier) founds Emmanuel college at Cambridge and the number of students attending Uni increases in Liz’s reign (in the 1580s it was 900)

• two types of students - gentry/welathier students and poorer ones who often went to church, rise in the college system, before people lived in the towns

• Inns of court, people train in law but also acted as a finishing school (students may go for ½ yrs so can get a low ranking position in a law firm and work their way up), admissions here increased from 100 per year 1550 to 250 in 1600

• Liz presented as Deberoah (a leader of the Isrealities in the old testament who was one of the judges and unique as a female leader)

• cult of Liz developed in the 1570s after N’ern earls and excommunication 9time of potential crisis)

• Relig images (pre ref) had been destroyed and imagery of Liz filled the gap. Relig feasts days and saints days took a back seat to dyas which celebrated Liz as queen - ascension day (17th Nov) complete with feasting and jousting tournaments celebrated for 300 yrs, joust and fight for the heroine (chivalry)

• Image of the virgin queen was promoted by courtiers who were concerned about the potential marriage to froggy in the 1580s,

• after 1596, many portraits were destroyed and in 1600 the PC tried to recall any portraits that didn’t fir with the ‘mask of youth’ (60s, teeth rotten, hair fallen out, damaged skin)

• Mask of youth portrayed her as an attractive, middle class woman of the 1560/70s

• Literature and art presented her as the creator of new england - restoring a nation of justice and peace where all the virtues could flourish, she was portrayed as Astraea (greek goddess pf justice who lived on the earth with humans in the immortal age, last immortal to leave earth and believed she would eventually return)

TRADE

• Portugal and Spain have been doing this a long times, eg Columbus in 1492 with the earliest being about 1479, england was thus very late to the scenes, but now trading with the empire, especially in the Caribbean

• Privateers were essentially legalised pirates (drake, hawkins) by attacking Spanish ships and conducting illegal trade with Spanish Empire

• Some attempts to establish colonies (eg Roanoke, Virginia) but largely unsuccesful

• Currenty, the value of internal trade considerably exceeded that of foreign trade (eg growth in the shipping of coal from Tyne to the Thames though some was exported to France. A wider range of foreign luxury goods was imported, suggesting that they were more affordable for a wider range of the population. The cloth trade with the Netherlands remained important but declined relatively as a part of the economy. The trade with Antwerp (wg 1576 sack of Antwerp during the Spanish fury) declined from the 1550s with William Cecil anxious to avoid dependency on a single market, thus alternative trade was developed, eg Emdem in North Germany and Amsterdam. But attempts to establish new overseas markets remained economically marginal (eg Russia)

• The new knowledge gained by European peoples about the land routes of Asia was accompanied by much progress in the art of ocean navigation. Most important was the compass, to guide explorers across the waters of the world. The astrolabe (which the greeks had invented and used for astronomical purposes) also came into Europe through the arabs. It was employed to calculate latitudes by observation of the height of the sun above the horizon.

• Quadrants were also used, helps make accurate calculations about ships position, used the stars.

• Mathmeticians (eg Harriot) worked out a simple way to use the sun to calculate the true sailing direction of a ship, mathmetical ideas were published. .

• The majority of the navigational instruments were used to measure the angle between objects and the horizon, invaluable during the age of exploration. A basic ships log was used as a means of estimating the speed of a vessel and so roughly calculating the longitude.

• To measure the depth of the sea, they used a long cable hung with lead weights and they could keep time with a sandglass.

• 1589 book by Hakluyt ‘Principle navigations, voyages and discoveries of the English nation’ - got people interested in exploration

• 1587 Gilberrt tried to establish a colony in North America for trade reasons but it didn’t work as he was attacked by the Spanish. 1583 he tried again in Newfoundland but again unsuccessfull, Gilbert claimed the site for the queen, and he and the other colonists stayed there for two weeks. Gilbert intended to return the following year. Unfortunatly on the voyage back to England, Gilberts ship sank in a storm, everyone on board, including Gilbert died.

• 1585 raliegh set up a colony in Virginia but food shortages so people went home. 1587 he tried to establish a colony in Virginia but failed, 150 settlers disappeared. 1595 Raleigh sailed to the Orinoco RIver in Guiana in search of El Dorada (a mythical Inca civilisation and gold). But no permanent colonies set up until the reign of James I and the Virginia company of 1606.

• 1576, 77 and 78, Frobisher sailed North of Canada and around Canada, trying to get to China (failed), later became part of the north west passage.

• 1577-80, Drake circumnavigation sailed up the coast of North America.

• 1585-87, John Davis (3 voyages to the North) he didn’t discover any trade but did manage to amp the arctic. He realised Greenland was seperate to america.

• 1562 Hawkins 1st voyage - went to West Africa and captured slaves, took them to the West/Spanish Indies (jamaica) exchanged for sugar, tobacco, potatoes (triangular trade). 1564 there was a second voyage - group of Nobles including Cecil and Leicester (and Liz in secret) invested as shareholders hoping to make a profit. 1567 voyage ended in the massacre of San Juan de Ulloa 1568 (seen as illegal trade)

• 1583 Newbury and Fitch made an overland journey to India. Aim was to set up a trade link with Goa but wasn’t successful. 1591 Lancaster sailed round Africa, got to the East Indies and captured 2 portugese ships. But it was a bad journey so they stopped in the Spanish Indies the crew then mutinied, sailed off and were never heard of again. He got back to England in 1594.

• 1600 the India company was established - returned with a ship full of goods in 1603, but really benefitted James

• Trade mainly focussed on Europe, the main exports were textiles, wool and cloth and London is the main port with 90% of exports going through london (go all over Europe including Netherlands, Baltic and Germany

• Eastland Company set up in 1579 (Scandinavia and the baltic) Levant Company 1581 (Venice and Ottoman Empire), Barbary co 1585 (North Africa and Morrocco) and East India co (East indies) 1600

• 1597 Hanseatic merchants expelled from England due to increasing number of england Merchant ships

• Muscovy and East India Co established a new system - set up something called a joint stock enterprise where investors shared their profits in proportion to their investment

• Sir francis Drake (1545-1596) was a british explorer and navy captain. he was financed by Liz to discover lands and riches for england. Drake was the second man to sail all around the world and was knighted by the queen for his services to the country. 1577-80, circumnavigation of the globe in the Golden Hind. 1579 Drake landed in America and founded ‘Nova Albion’ and claimed soviereignty for Liz. In 1588 he was one of the Captains that sailed to meet and defeat the Spanish Armada.

• 1592 captured Spanish Spanish ship Madre de Dios in the Azores. The cargo was a ‘veritable Aladdin’s age’ and was carrying over 500 tons of luxury goods, including jewels, pearls, gold and silver coins, spices (pepper, cloves, cinnamon) silks and ebony. It is estimated value was approxiamtely 500,000 - roughly half the size of the entire english treasurey at the time. The english captured a rutter (navigational manual) which contained secret Portugese trade routes to India and China, which directly led to the founding of the East India Company.

• Liz’s company didn’t always share their plunder (eg 1592 Essex and Howard handed over their profits to their men.

• Monopolies were granted by the crown and gave an individual eclusive rights to the sale or trade of a particular commodity. (eg essex and sweet wines) Most monopolies were sold in the 1590s to pay for the war with spain, particularly after 1597.

• 1553 Willoughby and Chancellor sailed NE, trying to find a route to China but the route was blacked by ice. they got to Archangel and set up the Muscovy company. Chabcellor travelled overland to Muscow, where he was favourably recieved by Ivan the Terrible. teh Czar seemed glad to help in breaking the Hanseatic trading monopoly. 1555/6 they went on a second voyage, but both Willoughby and Chancellor died seperately. In july 1556 Chancellor departed for home, taking with him the first Russian ambassador to England (OSip Nepeya). 1560s’s Jenkinson explored more of Russia and Persia - tried to establish new trade links. Muscovy comapny helped to break the monopoly that the Hanseatic league had on the baltic.

• Spain had a huge advantage in exploration (a secret textbook), A spy working for england’s muscovy company managed to ‘acquire’ a copy of the secret textbook and it was translated as ‘the arte of navigation’ and published in 1561. Sparked English craftsmen to design new nautical instruments and navigational aides such as sextants and astrolabe.

• 1569 the ‘Mercator Map’ developed by cartographer Mercator. He used parallel and evenly spaced lines on longitude and latititude to place land more accurately on a map. This gave sailors a more realistic view of the world when plotting more voyages, printing also meant there were more ccesible,a cuurate maps (before they were hand drawn).

• DEE - 1527-1609, a pivotal elizabethan mathmetician, geogrpaher and occultist who influenced english navigation and imperial expansion. He coined the term ‘british empire’ creating maps to justify terrirtorial claims in the new world and advocated for a strong, navy-led colonoial expansion. THE BRITISH EMPIRE CONCEPT - in his 1572 book ‘general and rare memorials pertaining to the perfect arte of navigation’, he promoted the creation of a ‘british empire’ utilisingg his cartographic skills to define, claim and protect these new areas. IMPERIAL CARTOGRAPHY - around 1580-1583, Dee produced several manuscript maps, (eg Cotton Augustus) presented to Liz as a visual ‘title royal’ to justify her dominance over North america and the British seas, this map pictured coastlines of Africa. GEOGRAPHICAL MENTORSHIP- Dee tutored sea captains and agents, as highlighted by the ‘mathmetical preface’ where he saw navigation as a critical art. SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES - utilised advanced techniques such as equidistant azimunthal projections to map over 210 degrees of longitude. ARTIC EXPLORATION SUPPORT - Dee provided mapping and navigational expertise for explorers searching for a northeast/west passage, including his extensive library and network (eg Mercator)

• Early Tudor ships were not suitable for long ocean expeditions that might involve fighting as well as trading. Later, tudor ships were designed to be stronger, easier to sterr and with weaponry (famous for their brass cannons). The ships were built with timbers of english oak, elm and pine. Main masts could be 18m tall. Galleons were built, much larger than traditional ships, could carry large cargo (ideal for trade and supplies on long journeys). The bows and sterns were made much lower on the galleons so they could go faster and were much more stable on stormy seas. Also had different types of sails types on the same vessel, square for speed or triangualr (lateen) for maneuverability. Also had gun decks running the length of the ship on both sides to help in battle.

• by 1600 england had a reputation for being a sea faring nation

EXPLORATION

• Drake never aimed to circumnavigate the globe but was simply raiding colonies in the pacific, and Drake wants revenge, in 1567-68 he accompanies Hawkin on his trans-atlantic expedition. Concurrently Spain were upset with this as England attemplts to break Spanish trade monopoly in the New World (prepped for battle). England attacked at St Juan de Ullua, the fleet is devastated and 325 sailors killed. Forced to abandonsome remaining men, Hawkin and Drake return with only 15 sailors. Also great profits to be made from journey to the Americas, despite long and dangerous voyage, drake became rich and famous and some estimate that Drake made 500,000,000 in todays money.

• CONSEQUENCES OF DRAKES EXPEDITIONS - SEA FARING NATION - Key at a time of growing fears of Spanish invasion, only second crew in history to achieve this, an increase in english morale, Doughty was executed on the voyage (accused of mutiny, only 56 men survived, ANGLO SPANISH RELAATIONS - Liz knighted drake on the Golden hind the following year (Drake had attacked Sp colonies) so sent a clear message to PII. COLONIES - already plans being made to establish english colonies, eg Nova Albion, where liz was declared as sovereign. Liz and the other rulers ignored the agreement by the Pope almost a century earlier which said America belonged to the Spanish and portugese.

• KEY RALEIGH DATES - 1578 - Sir Humphrey Gilbert sets out to North America on voyage of exploration but fails and is bankrupted. 1580 - Drake returns from circumnavigating the globe with spices, treasure and tales of Nova Albion. 1583 - Gilbert leads another voyage to exploration to America, it fails and Gilbert dies on return journey. 1584 - Raleigh begins planning new colonisation attempts by sending a fact-finding mission to Virginia. 1585 - colonists set sail for North America and begins english colonisation of Virginia. 1586 - surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. 1587 - New group of colonists arrive at Virginia and establisha colo ny at Roanoke. 1590 - english sailors arrive at Roanake only to find it abandoned and colonists have disappeared =.

• Alonquians where Indians in the region England wished to settle, They shared a communal language and culture, and each settlement had a chief. paramount chief then rules 2 or more settlements. In 1584 English expedition met the local paramount chief Wingina who ruled on Roanoke Island. The popular idea was that they were aggressive, unstructured tribes but they had their own political system, culture and laws. England expeted to come and take over but they found the natives hard to work with.

• Raleigh was born into the gentry class, became an explorer and courtier under Liz, a writer and historian, popularised tobacco. 1584 he gained a grant from Liz to explore and settle in North America. Already there were 2 failed attempts so new projects were made harder. raleigh needed huge huge amounts of money and to encourage potential colonists to settle. He didn’t lead the colonists himself (Liz didn’t want to lose him), developed a blueprint for future colonisation, appointed governer of Virginia and promoted voyages.

• Raleigh sent a fact finding expedition to Virginia in 1584, Went to barter for utensils and metal, Indians were very friendly and welcoming of the english. Accounts brought to England describe this area of North America as a paradise and they use these findings to persuade englishmen to settle and cross the atlantic, many convinced they would find their fortunes in Virginia but also rumours of fantastical monsters and brutal savages

• The cost of colonisation was high, but there were also clear economic advantages, natives barter for simple, cheap english goods (eg woolen cloth). colony work for english cloth makers and merchants and the colony provide exotic materials, which was a new source of revenue for the gov. Raleigh hoped the gov would found a new colony, Liz refused as she was very careful with money. The colony howevr was named ‘Virginia’ in honour of Liz so she gave him a ship and gunpowder worth £400. but by 1585 he had run out of money even though other courtiers began to invest (eg Walsingahm) as Liz gave the project credit and encourgaed others to back it up

• THere were a lack of colonists and sailors who were willing to cross the atlantic, in the end 107 agreed to go (Raleigh was aiming for 300). Almost half were soldiers (also landowners, farmer, artisans and a mathematician), lured by the promise of fortune. 5 ships were sent (Tiger, Roebuck, Lion, Dorothy, Elizabeth). The ships left England on the 4th April 1585 (too late to plant) and arrived in later 1585.

• Raleigh sent his key men: Grenville (expedition commander, experienced sailor, soldier, hot-headed and adventuous, don’t get on with lane), Lane (governer of Virginal expert on fort building, soldier,can do attitude and and enjoyed hardship) and harriet (translator and cartogropher, worked with Manteo and Wanchese and brought some natives to england and formed a strong bond and skilled at making maps)

• The colonisation of Virginia was significant: it gave a base to attack spanish colonies in the new world (not far from Florida and Caribbean but far enough to be safe from Sp attacks), offers natives an alternative to Spanish domination, opportunity to learn from mistakes, begins the overseas empire, tobacco appears and popualrised by raliegh, sugar can was a new and valuable crop, roots of british empire

• WHY DID VIRGINIA FAIL - INEXPERIENCE - colonists reliant on native americans for survival, didn’t have the right people present with the right numbers, also sailed too late. NATIVE AMERICAN RESISTANCE - colonists lucky to have Manteo and Wanchese help and establish relations with the Alonquian people (not enough), Local chief (Wingina) ruled Roanoke Island and a small mainland settlement, unpredictable and suspicious of England. grew tired of the constant demands for food from the settlers (was initially helpful), violent clashes between the two, the english had the power to kill without touching (disease). Spring 1586 Wingina asks the other chiefs to join him in attacking the Eng, but lane found out about this, so planned and prepped. Wingina killed but the colony reached crisis point (according to the remnants of Lanes journal) and is abandoned on the 27th July 1586. ROANOKE - 1587-90, 17 women and several families on board , many colonists from london (poor), so familiar with ahrdship and willing to work hard. Manteo was made lord of Roanoke by Raleigh and the artist John Write put in charge of overall expedition (already survived the 1585 expedition), Indians were hostile from the start, Write’s advisor disappeared and was found dead with 16 arrow wounds. Manteo led an attack against local Roanake, a mistake and killed some of the nearby croataon settlements. VOYAGE - 1st voyage to Virginia, left too late to plant crops, climate was hot and humid with mosquitoes everywhere. The ship ‘Tiger’ became damaged, a break in the hull ruined food and seeds for planting, dried peas and beans were rescued and edible but they couldn’t be planted. COLONIST EXPECTATIONS - english fishing techniques didn’t work in shallow Roanoke Island waters, lots of merchants who ddin’t want to work, colonists didn’t cooperate, merchants and gentleman had no interest in physical work especially when found out that wouldn’t rule over natives, gunpowder damaged due to Tiger so hunting and shooting was hard.

RELIGIOUS SETTLEMENT

• Parker was a clear prot, so must have had an impact when he became AofC

• Asham and Cheke provided protestant/humanist education to liz.

• coronation Liz said ‘away with those churches we can see well enough’

• Liz was classified as a heretic under liz

• dislikes some protestant ideas (likes short sermons as think long prot services are ranting at her)

• ultimately a politique (politics above religion)

• Marian exiles have been in geneva, where puritanaism and calvinism is, very vocal but a minority

• inherits Mary’s cat PC (eg Kenninghall faction) so needs to change this as they won’t support her

• Parlaiment at the start has 20 marian bishops in it and a few abbots as Mary restores a few monastries

• the popualtion is still mostly catholi

• Feb 1559 3 bills passed (supremacy and 2 others to do with uniformity0, passed in the Hoc but not in the HOL (Marian bishops)

• Becomes Queen in Nov and Parl is called February, don’t know the content fully but one is likely the bill of suprmacey, another likely covers uniformity.

• Bishop of chester says the moarch has no right to change religion and should be done by bishops ( anew idea as Ed, Mary pass ideas through parliament)

• Heath argues for no supremacy as mary didn’t have it (woman)

• In march there was a break for easter and there were 2 key events. 1) Gov sponsored debate in London (holy week debate) idea of the debate is the thrash out religious issues to pass bills, so they discuss 3 issues (transubstantiation, supremacy and latin vs english) but the debate is rigged (gov sponsored). Catholicsgive a long opening statement, then protestants give an opening statement and carry on. So the catholics don’t get a fair hearing, catholic bishops kick off and 2 are imprisoned.

• cateau cambresis is signed in April 1559 which diminishes the threat of fr and MQS, don’t appease Philip too much but as they are at peace if the excommunication occurs now they are in big trouble.

• 2nd attempt amalgamated the 3 bills into one, again passed in the HOC but the Bishop of Chester (HOL) who spoke out against Parl interfering in religion. Nicholas Heath (Archbishop of york) argued against the supremacy in general, and against the supremacy being held by a woman in particular. Viscount Montagu (Anthony Browne) warned that the proposed refomrs would leave ‘temples violated’

• Thus it failed in the HOL, parliament breaks for the Easter recess, holy week debate occurs (key for the HOL) and the April 1559 treaty of Cateau cambresis diminishes the threat of Fr and MQS

• 1559 ACT OF SUPREMACY - used the title of Supreme Governer, not head (via media as she is a woman as well as a RC compromise. Oath of supremacy is taken by Bishops and all Clergy and members of gov, if they don’t take it they will lose their jobs. Visitations reinforce this and if found lacking than prosecuted in the court of high commission. It revived the 10 Henrician acts that Mary had repealed and confirmed Liz as Supreme Governer so as not to upset the Catholics too much. Passed in the commons and in the lords after much debate (Marian bishops). Also brought in new treason law in the act. All but two of the bishops refused to take the oath, so they lost their jobs (25 out of 27). 96% of the clergy took the oath and only 4% didn’t (300). But she was quite clever as she was very liberal to those that did not take oath so as not to alienate all the catholics (worked well later in the Armada as the catholics remained loyal). Example of this is Heath (Archbishop of York and highest in the land as Pole is dead) who is persuaded over and over as liz wouldn’t sack him but in they had to, despite the fact they were desperate for a propaganda win but he is not executed. Bishop of llandaff is the only one who accepts the oath and sometimes the Bishop of sodor and mann is counted.

• In 1558 john Knox (scot reformer wrote ‘on the monstrous regimen of women’ aimed at Mary of guise and CDM but liz dislikes it. in the book it says women shouldn’t hace spiritual authority over men.

• 1559 ACT OF UNIFORMITY - made it compulsory to use the English BCP and every man had to go to church once a week or be fined 12p (aimed at gentry, cost is a couple of days wages for the poor). Book of common prayer was a compromise of the two prayer books of Edwards reign of 1549 and 1552, especially over the wording of communion. Another example of via media as Lis wants a BCP that everyone well be happy with. 1549 keeps the catholics happy as it mentions transubstantion but lutherans happy as this could be consubstantions as it mentions ‘the body of our lord Jesus Christ’ but also says ‘eat this in rememberance’. Transubstantion was denied and services were in English as well as the clergy being allowed to marry, pleased Protestants (thus not a compromise). Ornaments and vestements were the same as in the 1549 settlements (modernate). Liz puts forward the idea of ‘adiaphora’ (an excuse for keeping ornaments as she claims they are indifferent to be salvation), queens decision. But the emphasis on sacraments as well as the authority of bishops and the decision to allow colourful vestements pleased the catholics (this compromise, especially over vestemenets led to the vesterian controversy) passed in HOC, much debate in HOL and only passed by 3 votes, 21 v 18 due to 3 missing (easter debates and Abbot of Westminster AWOL as two have bishops had been arrested and AofW is a ‘royal peculiar’ as Westminster Abbey is held by the Queen after dissolution so he doesn’t want to vote)

• PENALTIES ON THE LAITY AND CLERGY 1559 - mostly aimed at the gentry/nobility, penalties for recusants was a fine of one shilling, there are no executions of catholics until 1577, little change on a ground level. Penalties for anyone who supports the Pope as the head of the church. 1st offence - lost all properties/goods, 2nd - loss all goods and imprisonment and 3rd - execution (although not enforced by Parker as the Queen told him not to ask a 3rd time, doesn’t want martyrs). The penalty for persuading priests to perform RC mass (unlikely to be a peasant). 1st offence - 100 mark fine (5x priestly earnings in one year) 2nd offence - 400 mark fine. 3rd offence - life imprisonment and loss of goods/property. Penalties on clergy (if say mass and not follow BCP) 1st offence - 6 months imprisonment and fine. 2nd Offence - 1yr imprisonment and loss of earnings for a year. 3rd Offence - life imprisonment. Again not rigourously enforced,didn’t want to make martyrs of the laity or clergy, unlike Mary

• 1559 ACT OF EXCHANGE - Allowed Queen to acquire the revenue from any vacant bishoprics. Aim was to make money. Any remaining monastries and chantries that MAry had restored were dissolved (final end to dissolution). Under the act of exchange Queen Liz had the right to trade church property in her possession for temporal (non spiritual) land in the church’s possession. Cutting wealth of bishops especially through church lands (great way of curtailing power and influence). Bishops gained interest from renting out land (like other land owners) but no couldn’t lease land out for more than 21 yrs, which stops them from making money. If queen didn’t want to use her asset to reward her followers (use ch as rewards mechanism and own assests to reward followers) then bishops might be persuaded to grant such laymen rewards. AOE resulted in protest from bishop elect (bish in HOL vote against this, The Bishops then sacked but even prot bish dislike it)

• 1566 VESTERIAN CONTROVERSY - only time that Liz and parker fell out, 1565 Liz wrote to parker - moaned about the Bishops and clergy (in London) not follwoing the rules about vestements and the 1559 rules. Parker thus consulted other Bishops about the vestements and in 1566 he published his advertisements (a handbook for priests, detailing rules, vestements, fpcus on vestements). Parker followed the Queen and the settlement in everything (but advertisements) but compromised over the vestements (after talking to the bishops). Argues that Bishops etc (important clergy so this is part of the job) so must wear the full vestements, but the average clergyman can wear a simplified version of them. Backed up by a fashion show at lambeth palace where 110 clerft present (from london), 37 refused to accepth the vestement rules and so were suspended, they then hold illegal services in plumbers hall London (crisis) but they still dislike the simplified version. Liz wouldn’t make the advertisements law as they went against the 1559 act of uniformty and would also mean that Parker 9not queen as Supreme governer) was making the rules which goes against the Supremacy

• FOXE - says Liz wanted a Prot settlement as Liz was a prot but she got a via media due to the Catholic marian bishops in the HOLand he uses the evidence of the first two attempts

• NEALE - 1950s, a discredited theory argues that Liz wanted nat cat (like HVIII in 1547) and ended up with a via media due to the puritans in the HOC and calls them the ‘puritan choir’

• ELTON - a critic of Neale, 1984 slags off Neale and says puritans don’t have influence that Neale claims, very few real puritans, HOC lacks the power to dictate

• GRAVES - 1988, also a critic of Neale and clains that HOC doesn’t have the power to(in this period) to dictate influence to the monarch, in this period theyy do as they are told. Says the power Neale discusses only appears due to the civil war (anachronistic)

• JONES - 1982 a critic of Neale, what Liz wanted was a via media and he got it (politics above religion)

• HAIGH - 1980s similiar to Foxe, wanted Prot but blocked by HOL, puritan choir, doesn’t exist, a study of 400 MPS in HOC only 25 considered ‘radica; prots’ and 4 as puritans

• largely catgolic pop accepteed the settlement, most fell under rthe time of ‘church Papists’ (outwardly prot but inwardly cat

• change was initially fairly slow anyway which suited Liz as it didn’t cause rebellion, also able yo maintain cordial relations with Fr and Sp

• lower clergy were mostly accepting (over 8000 took the oath of sup), position as supreme gov was secure

• 1559 ACT OF FIRST FRUITS AND TENTHS - restored HVIII’s act of 1534, tax from clergy went to the crown and not the Pope, first fruits was the 1st yrs income, tenths a tenth of wage each year after first year, crown made 40k per annum

• 1559 ROYAL INJUNCTIONS - drawn up by Cecil, similar to Cromwells, 56 in total, 57 in total, Liz really liked these as she agreed religously with cecil, good eg of via media. Eg pilgrimages banned, every church to have an english bible, every clergyman to have a latin bible, vestements reinforced and the black rubric proclomation (cat compromise, as still ‘kneeling out of good order’, cats can now believe its for transubstantion even though offiially its not)

• 1563 LEGISLATION - passed in parliament, fines increase for recusants due to recusansy problems (a third of the gentry don’t attend), oath of supremacy extended to cover anyone in a position of power (Mp’s, lawyers, doctors, teachers, judges), still no one executed, Parker still asked not to ask the oath for a third time.

• 1563 39 ARTICLES - deals with what people believe, dealt with theology, 39 points, based on carnmers 42 articles (under Nl so more rad), drawn up by parker (a prot/anglican which is very Liz as Parker was in charge of liz’s spiritual welfare since death of AB), all prot with no catholic elements so not a via media, , eg article 28 is communion which is calvinist and article 17 which is predestination so is lutheran, Doran describes it as ‘something of a hybrid’ became a law in the 1571 patl likely due to the increase of the catholic threat

NORTHERN EARLS

• SERIOUS - links to the POG and W’ern with the banner of the 5 wounds of christ, feudalism in Northern `england meant that N’ern Earls could raise their tenants, especially gained horses this way, rebels took Barnard Castle from Bowes who tried to hold out against them, 450 executions (ordered approx 700), court conspiracy involved some very close to Liz (eg Leicester), force of approx 6,000, managed to capture Hartlepool (port for possible Alva landing), MQS had a claim to England, Lord Huntingdon (liz cousin) put in charge of the council of the north from 1572-95, proclomation of earls equated it to nationalism (making england go back to RC to prevent a european RC invasion), reaction of the gov was severe (1571 3x treason laws against RCs and the 1572 bulls of exclusion and attainder against MQS), support of the Pope with the 1570 papal bull, MQS was to marry Norfolk, LIz cousin and England’s most important nobleman, gentry and nobles involved so no one was there to stop the rebellion and they had to raise troops from the south, support of important nobles like Leicester and Norfolk, Liz crushed the power of the northern nobles after the rebellion (eg Percy moved to Sussex)

• NOT SERIOUS - Key nobles in northern towns for Eliz (eg Berwick held by Sir John Forster or Pontefract by Lord Scrope), heard the royal army was on the way so turnedd back from Branham Moor (royal army had 10,000), PII didn’t want MQS as she was pro france, Mary moved out of the north to Tutbury, No support from Scotland for the rebels (Moray doesn’t want MQS back in Scotland or on the english throne), Sp/Alva never came (busy with dutch revolt), Liz called NE to court and forced them into rebellion, paapal bull arrives too late, court conspiracy and Northern Earls had different plans, Dacre rose in rebellion too late as he was in London while the rebellion was happening as he was sorting out a legal case over the Dacre kids so when he did get back and rebel in Jan 1570 it was too late, Not planned well as Norfolk panicked, left, wrote letter to WML then went to london and confessed. No popular support to MQS on the throne (foreigner), only a minority of RC see MQS as the rightful Queen, and it was almost a bloodless rebellion (excluding executions) not many were killed, 5 killed at Barnard Castle abd some when they jumped the walls and a small skirmish at Naworth

• Leicester confesses all involvement and Norfolk returns to his estates, Liz assumes he was going to raise an amry (unlikely as plan was not finalised) Norfolk sent message to WML not to rebel, confessed involvement to Liz at court. This will save him. Sussex met Northumberland to question them on what was happening said ‘all is quiet here’. Liz doesn’t trust Sussex as he’s their friend (but unlikely she thought they were plotting. Then tells N’ern earls to come to London before bthe PCo on 24th Oct.

• Novemebr - the ears decide to rebel

• 9th NOV 1569 - Earl of Northumberland joins WML and his forces at WML’s castle at Brancepeth. Prior to this, Nl and WML contacted So to try and attrain backing and Pope’s support

• 13th Nov 1569 - Sussex sends out comissions to raise 1500 foot soldiers, many men are torn between local loyalties to the earls and national loyalty to the Queen. Few dare to join Sussex

• 14th Nov 1569 - Eals march to Durham cathedral where they tear down protestant images and celebrate mass. Boot Pilkington out of the cathedral

• 15th Nov 1569 - rebels march south and enlist support from richmondshire and Neville’s tennants at Kirby Moorside

• 16th Nov 1569 - Sussex writes to the privy council to tell them the difficulties he is having with the army.

• 22nd Nov 1569 - Earls reach Branham Moor, army is made up of 3800 foot soldiers and 1600 horsemen, all the territory wast of the pennines is under their control

• 24th Nov 1569 - rebels return to Knaresborough as they wanted more support from the west, waiting for Spanish troops and plan to release MQS from Tutbury (Bit Liz already sent her to Coventry)

• 30th Nov 1569 - rebels retreat to Richmond, one contingent captures Hartlepool, hoping a spanish army might land there to support them, while the main body besieges Barnard Castle. Wait here, some wait in Richmond, others to HArtleppol but Richmond detachment don’t know what to fo so lay seige to Barnard and Win, Bowes own men jump the walls

• 14th DEC 1569 - Barnard castle surrenders to the earth

• 16th DEc 1569 - skirmish takes place between the scouts of the royal army and the scouts of the rebel army, earls flee across the border to Scotland (hexham)

• Jan 1570 - restarted, Led by Dacre, 399 troops, a battle near Carlisle and rebels lose and flee again

• Dec-Jan 1570 - Liz ordered the execution of 700 rebels but because of the bad weather and her official’s reluctance this number is likely closer to 450. WML escapes abroad, NL is betrayed by a scottish clan and after being impriosned and interrogated is beheaded in York in 1572. Macculoch says only evidence for 450 executions

• dacre is in Carlisle

• Forster controls berwick

• Westmoreland is in Brancepeth

• NATIONALISM - feared that if england didn’t revert to RC then spain would invade. In the proclomation of the NE they said ‘the gov had ‘maintained a new found religion and heresy, contrary to God world’

• FEUDALISM - many gentry involved in rebellion were the retainers of the NE, came from the land’estates owned by the percy’s/nevilles (eg Brancepeth). Due to customs of gentry sons being brought up in the households of great nobles, they had supporters, eg Marmaduke Redman supported Nl. These gentry then supported rebels army with their tennanrs Fletcher ‘the strength of the army lay in their horsemen’. Poor people were also paid 16d a day, many joined as they feared for their lives and goods if they didn’t join.

• MQS - rebels wanted to preserve her in the succession and possible alternative Queen

• ECONOMICS - the earls status and welath was declining and WML was forced to take out loans to remain solvent, borrowed £60 from Sir George Bowes. NL in 1562 borrowed money from the Earl of Pembroke (£100). In 1568 NL found copper on his estate, crown had a right to mine for this but the owner would be compensated. NL was not.

• WIVES - Earls of NL and WML were easily manipulated by their dominating wives who said they’d shame themsleves and England if they didn’t rebel. Countess of WML was Norfolk’s sister and wanted him to marry MQS (sister in law to the Queen), scorned her brother when he confessed and told husband, WML keep rebellion going ‘his wife… encourage him to perserve’

• FORCED INTO REBELLION - Liz recalled them to court after she called Norfolk, thought that if they went to London they would be executed as Norfolk was alreasy in the tower. Nl initially resisted the call to rebellion Jaigh - ‘Liz had blundred, she forced the Earls to schoose between flight or rebellion’

• RELIGIOUS FACTORS - papal bull meant to arrive and give the rebellion support, catholic supprt (the new service they set up was well supported and similr actions took place in other areas of the north), services still had actholic aspects eg the wafer in communion and images of saints, religion mentioned as a cause in the proclomation of earls, key catholic individuals were present (morkonfield and Norton). But not necessarily the main cause (before the rebllion WML said he wouldn’t rise for religious reasons but during the revellion siad he said it was for religion - was this a front)

• RELIGIOUS FACTORS - Sussex was in charge of the council of the north and wrote to Cecil stating that religion was the main cause, Liz’s settlement wasn’t really followed in N England and cecil estimated that two thirds of Northern Jps were catholic in 1566, Bishop of Durham Liz appointed the very pro-prot Pilkington and the earls were catholic. Diocese of Durham had a large increase in prots, Pilkington gathered a group of senior of prots who aggressively brought about change. Imagery in churches was strongly attacked possibly why Durham Cathedral was the first to be captured. Had a mass service, set up stone altar, holy water stoops and destroyed english bibles.

• 5 key individuals: Norton (81yr old sheriff involved in POG), Morton (RC ex canon of canterbury cathedral), Markenfield and Morton (1 RC priests come back from continent fired up with the counter reformation, Markenfield encourgaed rebellion despite lack of papal bull as she said Liz was already excommunicated due to actions and didn’t need a bull from the Pope) and Neville (uncle of WML, encouraged it as he was violenet and had feuds with other northern gentry families, so possible he saw the rebllion as a chance to attack other gentry.)

• POLITICAL FACTORS - Lotherington ‘aristocratic territorial power seemed a growing anachronism’, Pilkington was loyal to Liz, attacked the northern earls and said ‘to rejoice in ancient blood, what can be more vain’, council of the north is re-enforced which will weaken nobles power even more, Stone ‘the last episode in 1500 years of protest by the highland zone against interference from London’. earls were frequently left out while others were rewarded and given preferential treatment, eg NL rival Forsyer had his power built up by the Queen and been given positions of authority in the middle march and Berwick, eg hunsdon was gicen control of east march.

• POLITICAL FACTORS - NL wasn’t allowed custody of MQS (should have as most important noble in N), badly treated as Mary had made NL lieutenant general of the north in 1558 but was shown no favour by Liz and had title revoked and custody of the middle march. Northern nobles were alienated by HVII and VIII, Ed and Liz, outsiders were taking the jobs of locals, dislikes new nobles as no respect for older ones. They had suffered a loss of status under Liz and had no clear plan of action as they were reacting to the circumsatnces and scared of returning to court

• WHY IT FAILED - Pope never issued bill of excommunication, PII had no intention of supporting rebellion (neths), ealrs retreated when they heard about Liz’s army,poorly planned, geographically limited, no real popular enthusiasm,

• CONSEQUENCES - battle of Naworth (rebels fled as they lost), Leicester was let off,

• COURT CONSPIRACY - courtiers, eg Liecester that are against the influence of Cecil and want MQS pt in the successuon to minimise the threat (ie not plotting against Liz). Cecil was worried about ICC and wants MQS to stay in prison, Leicester wants to bring her to court and marry her to a puritan to keep an eye on her.

OTHER HALF OF FOREIGN POLICY

• allows the dutch to use english ports and turns a blind eye

• 1573 Liz tries to mediate between Spain and the Dutch, a compromise with PII as Duke of Burgundy but with religious toleration, spanish army out, states general to have more power and Philip must listen/work with them, highlights the indirect assistance working (when spanish army refuse to fight due to lack of food)but neither wants this! Some areas were loyal to PII previously (south are catholic) but even these rise

• CASIMIR - germans (so plausible deniability) but are protestant so don’t attack Spain and attack catholic churches instead

• 1579 the Duke of Parma makes significant gains and the southern netherlands makes peace - they are gradually pushing up from the south and wont back down

• 1580 Portugese succession issue and Liz abcks Don Antonia not Philip as if he gets Portugal he will double the size of his empire and his navy, there was no clear heir one was Philip as his mother was Isabella of Portugal and Don Antonia is the other claimant. Liz’s backing upsets Philip as Don Antonio’s claim was not as strong and Liz even sent him money. Philip wins and is now the king of portugal, with two fleets, all of south America, Brazil, Easy Indies and some African areas, the height of Spanish power

• 1580 papal pronouncement makes it ok to assassinate Liz

• 1584, Mendoza the spanish ambassador is expelled for his part in the Throckmorton plot, no line of communication with the Spanish and none for the rest of Liz’s reign

• By 1584 Anjou is dead, William of Orange is assassinated and the treaty of Joinville occurs (Anjou dead, Henry of Navaree and Henry of Guise team up with the Spanish in an OFFENSIVE treaty, this is the ICC, Cecils biggest nightmare and the concern of the last 30yrs

• Dutch are leadership as william of Orange’s son (Morris of Nassau) is too young, dutch will fall unless Liz steps in

• 1585 saw a shift in Elizabethan foreign policy, until this point Liz had been cautious. Philip’s army was making inroads into the Netherlands and the trety of Joinville, 1584 had given him the support of France. Moreover, Philip had also acquired Portugal meaning his wealth and influence in the new world was unparalleled. From 1585, despite no official decleration, PII and Liz considered themselves at war and Li followed policy in this regard, the final shift in policy. Never actually declare war.

• Lotherington, from 1585 onwards ‘England’s position was of great jeopardy’ and it was the ‘great crisis of the reign’

• The treaty of Nonsuch in 1585 saw leicester in the netherlands with 5k troops and 1k cavalry, the plan was for him to take the lead with his small army

• They offer Liz the soviergnty and she declines as she believes it still PII’s right over his ‘rebellious subjects’

• At tis point the netherlands have split in half with Parma in the south but the seven in the north have deposed PII and these are whom Liz signs the treaty with

• Leicester then offered the soveriengty, he takes it and becomes ‘governer general of the netherlands’, Liz is livid, he’s called back home after a year (his only job was to fight Spain), went back in 1587

• Whole campaign failed, Liz was negotiating behind his back with Parma, dutch limited Leicester’s powers, not enough menmoney from Liz, came back in 1587 and died in disgrace in 1588

• Stanley was an englishman who went with leicester to fight, also fought for the catholics previous,years, Dutch took the town of Deventer and leicester put Stanley in charge and hands Deventer over to the Spanish

• Leicester had realised he was never going to marry Liz, he married her cousin Lettice Knollys, she was on her way to the Neths to set herself up as ‘Queen’ a tipping point so Liz calls him back

• After Liecester grows ngry with the restrictions placed on him he mints coins with his own head on them when supposed to be fighting

• 1588 Drake attacked Cadiz ‘singing of the king of spain’s beard’, sent fire ships which helped to destroy those prepped for the Armada, only delays by a year (PII has two fleets) and causes chaos, eg PII loads the wrong cannonballs - can’t be used

• May 1588, the armada sets said, plan is to go to Dunkirk, meet Parma’s army, SPanish have 130 ships, 8k sailors, 19k soldiers and parma had between 20-30K, used a C shape formation which was very strong and couldn’t be broken, they go to Graveslines to wait for Parma, wish to take Parma’s me across in flat bottomed boats, great for Dutch as Parma taken out and removes all men, don’t know where Parma is and can’t get closer due to the sandbanks

• Battle of Graveslines was on the 29th July 1588, England had been following thrm across the channel, light a becaon in Plymouth when spotted, Liz is in Tilbury with the army, and says ‘I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman but the heart and mid of a king, and a king from England’ english boats come out of Plymouth and follow the spanish up the channel, pick off a few boats, eg a skirmish off the Isle of Wight, but eng can’t break the formation, Sp drop anchors at Graveslines, fireships come towards them, have to cut anchors and break formation, wind takes them around the coast of Scotland and Ireland, veyr few get back to Spain, Liz asaid ‘God blew and they scattered’

• COST - ireland cost 2 million, armada was 161k, neth cost 2 million, Henry iv cost 580k,

• funded it through: sold 600k of crown lands, already paid off Marys debts and ahd a reserve of 300k, series subsidies, 89 was a double, 93 a triple, 97 a triple and 01 a quadruple

• 1589- H of Navarre fighting in front of to become king, Liz sent him 20k men and 300k (worried of he loses then Sp will invade)

• helps maurice of Nassau in 1590s, very strong military leader but still needs help (19yrs), gien 750k

• by 1595 h of Navarre winning in Fr,

• 1590s are raids on spanish shipping but no major battles

• 1589 Portugese expedition - Drake - aim to destroy remains of `Armada in portugal and capture treasue in the Azores (failed) 11k englishmen dead (PII is king of portugal)

• 1591 PII building a new armada

• 1595 Drake attack on panama - died

• 1596 cadiz expedition 0 Essex set fire and destoryed 4 ships

• REASONS FOR FAILURE OF SPANISH ARMADA - unused to tricky waters of eng channels, guns could be reloaded quickly and aimed low and fired below the waterline, eng ships were smaller, lighter and more maneauverable, use of fireships, sp guns were poorly designed and hard to reload, sp fleet ran into storms en route, english beacons lit so sp lost element of surprise, spanish admiral (Medina Sidonia) never commanded a navy before and suffered from sea sickness

• FO PO SUCCESS - vision now extended beyond netherlands ond northern france with the increase in overseas trade, navarre meant they had a prot ally on the front throne, balance of power between Fr and Sp re-esablished when northern netherlands was independent, defeat of Armada eas turning point in english military history, end of war with spain allowed resources to be diverted to ireland, Bullion ships (sp captures) were lucrative, ‘san filipe’ gave 140k

• FO PO FAILURES - increasingly depended on parl for extraordianry rev (or sell crownland), always fustrated by limited resources, Leic campaigns in 1585 were a disaster, internal unrest due to taxation and poor harvests, much of her policy was luck, death of guise, armada weather, the consistent aim of ‘indirect policy’ must cause the outbreak of war to be seen as a failure, Jps, liutenants and gentry now had extra duties (mustering, arming and training, but harmed by huge numbers of vagrants)

• POLITICAL REASONS FOR ARMADA - Eng would be a good addition to PII’s growing empire, PII had a strong position in the Neths due to the actions of Parma, Liz hesitated before her actions in the neths as she wanted to negotiate with Sp. 1580 Sp took over portugal, giving them greater resources, strategy and confidence

• RELIGIOUS REASONS FOR ARMADA - treaty of Joinville (1584) the french catholic league signed a treaty with PII to support them in their actions against the prots in france , treaty of Nonsuch, liz signed a deal with Dutch prots, PII determined to tackle heresy, Pope said the RC would forgive the sins of all those willing to take part in the Armada, previosuly PII had helped in many plots to overthrow Liz and MQs left her claim to him

• ENGLISH ARMY - raised for a specific crisis and disbanded at the end of the campaign season, temporary contractors rather than a permanent structure supplied food and clothing to the army, supply of arms cam from the ordnance office at the tower of London, Lord Lieutenants responsible for raisng militias and mainting order since 1553, annual training, eng armies hadn’t fought in a sustained campaign since scotland of 1547-50, army in 1588 consisted of 27k men, 2,5k cavalry and 14k sailors

• ENGLISH NAVY - from offset maintained a small fleet on the Thames and at portsmouth, english seamen were well trained and brought up in seafaring communities or worked with merchant seamen, not unused to smuggling or piracy, Hawkins joined the permanent navy, he rebuilt ships converting them to narrower, low galleons which were more maneavourable, by 1580s had 54 men of war and 140 merchant ships fitted with guns

• SPAIN ARMY - permanent standing army, trained in use of firearms and reputedly recieved the best medical care, marriage allowabces and welfare services, solid structures existed to ensure the spanish army was safe (medial care, marriage allowances, wlefare services), 8000 soldiers and 19k soldiers, also had parma’s army with crack units

• SPAIN NAVY - before 1580 spain had 64 men of war, 24 ocean going galleons and 120 store ships, ships tended to be taller and more awkward to maneaouver, heavier artillery with short range, many were ‘fair weather’ sailors’ whose experience was limited to the mediteranean, remainder were wholly unacquainted with the sea

• PROVOCATION AS A REASON FOR THE ARMADA - liz had the support of the dutch prot rebels since the rebellion began, drakes actions in the new world including the attacks on spanish colonies and claiming Nova Albion

• OPPORTUNITY AS A REASON FOR THE ARMADA - in 1570 the pope excommunicated Liz, papacy wanted her gone

MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS

• she is the grandaughter of Margaret Tudor, great-grandaughter of HVII, her mother is mary of Guise (second most powerful family in Guise) making Liz and MQS second cousins

• 1562 Liz contracts smallpox (high risk she’ll die) so MQS becomes a big threat due to concerns over the succession

• France dominated both the straits of Dover (after peace treaty with England and loss of Calais to the French) and Scotland (where Marie of Guise ruled as regent for her daughter MQS), MQS was in farnce at the start of Liz’s reign (after coming to the throne in 1542).

• Scottish Protestants rebelled against Marie of Guise in 1559 and forced her to flee Edinburgh, in reality MQS’s uncles controlled policy and in Oct 1559 they sent troops to defeat the rebels, Cecil convinced Liz to intervene to ensure the survival of the new pro-english gov and to keep the French away from England’s northern border. Scots are indirectly led by Prot, MQS half brother (Moray) and they want him as regent

• Cecil wants to help the prots scot lords ‘Protestant Lords of the Congregation’ as as long as the french are in charge there is the risk of the auld alliance, and Guise doesn’t likr Liz they thinks he’s a royal bastard and are pushing MQS to take the english throne. Liz doesn’t want to help as as far as he’s concerned they are just rebellious subjects but Cecil reminds her of the use of the english coat of arms which stirs her into action.

• Marie of Guise embodies everything the scots hated (french, catholic, woman) and in 1559 they had a reformation (presbyterian), Knox arrives back in Scotland

• Even though the scots wanted Mary of Guise out (she has a french army) but are not trying to depose MQS (in france and irrelevant)

• In 1560, despite her uncertainty over the policy, Liz sent an english army to Scotland. Attempts to defeat the french garrison at Leith fails (fleet succeeds at firth of forth) but the loss of Marie of Guise and the french task force at sea led to the withdrawal of french troops.

• 1560 saw the treaty of Berwick and Liz agrees to held the Prot Lords

• In the treaty of Edinburgh, both England and France’s troops leave Scotland and MQS (who was now Queen of France as Francis her husband has ascended in 1559) gave uo her claim to the english throne (eg can’t use english coat of arms), but Mary never ratified this so ignores it but the gov of scotland passed to the Prot lords who remained friendly with England. The Auld Alliance was gone under Moray (who is now regent of Scotland)

• MQS was born on the 8th December 1542 at Linligoth palace, West Lothian, her parents were James V and Marie de Guise, belonged to the house of Stuart, catholic and had three marriages but only one son (James VI/I)

• MQS became Queen at only 6 days old following the death of her father (James V) after Solway Moss. She was the youngest monarch ever of the British Isles. As regent of her Kingdom she was appointed her mother, her coronation took place at the royal chapel of Stirling castle on the 9th September 1543, MQS was only 9 months old. Rge ‘rough wooing’ period from 1544 onwards was intially conducted by HVIII as he aimed to marry MQS to his son Ed. 1543 saw the treaty of Greenwich, she was then sent to a channel island (Inchmahome) to a monastry and later to France and she goes alongside 4 attendents also called Mary

• Marie de Guise formed an alliance with her native France through which France would aquire protection, the 6yr old Mary was then engaged to the young heir to the throne, Dauphin francois (son of HII and CDM). She moved to france, where she spent the rest of her childhood at the court of her father in law HII. She corresponded regularly with her mother, who stayed in Scotland to rule as regent (only comes over to visit MQS once) as she is running Scotland with a french army. MQs is brought up to be a future queen of fFrance, she’s a frenchwoman sho speaks french and only lowland scots.

• On the 24th April 1558, MQS and Francois got married at Notre Dame (Mary is on the throne at this point, not Liz), MQS was popular at the french court, they found her very pretty, witty, graceful and self assured as well as clever, but not as clever as Liz. She was constantly pushing her claim to the english throne by wearing the english coat of amrs (pushed by her uncles too). WHen HII died (killed by a scotsman in 1559 in a jousting accident at the Cateau Cambresis celebrations) Francois succeeded to the french throne and MQS became Queen of France, in 1560 Marie de Guise died and a few months later Francois (of an ear infection), MQS at 18 became a dowager Queen and a widow.

• Policy of France during MQS’s reign was dominated by the Guise brothers (they tell her what to do and call francois ‘puppy’)

• MQS asks to stay at court but CDM doesn’t like her , says no, MQS wants to retire to a convent, CDM says no as she wants her gone. CIX asks to marry MQS but CDM is against this too!

• After her husbands death, MQS returns to her native Scotland (1560), she wrote to Liz to ask for her permission to travel via England on her return to Scotland, but she was denied this as MAry refused to agree to the terms of the treaty of Edinburgh (still used English coat of arms). On her return, she had to rule Scotland as a catholic Queen in a Protestant reformation. She agreed to religious toleration (power of prot nobles increased, keeps official church of scotland protestant but this was personal toleration and behind closed doors she was catholic) - a clever move. Her illigetimate half-brother (Moray) was a leader of the prot party in opposition, he had ruled Scot on absence. SHe worked well with Moray who thinks shes a stupid child (to some extent she is) MQS first goes along with him directing policy. She also had many confrontations with Prot reformer Knox (haraunges her)

• Liz and MQS were cousins and corresponded often but never actually met, MQS was the rightful heir to the english throne due to her grandmother Margaret Tudor. Liz was considered by a minority of catholics to be illegitimate and a heretic becasue of her mother. Liz felt in danger, the result of which was the pressure for MQS to sign the Edinburgh contract and give up her claim to England - she never does which may explain why she was kept in confinement for so long.

• Liz has no children and the grey girls are lower in the order of succession as Margaret Tudor was the older sister.

• Mary married a second time, there were two men she was considering, Don Carlos (PII’s son through his first marriage to Isabella of Portugal but inherited the castilian side and was murdered likely by his father) and her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. she needs a scottish heir. Liz tried to push for Leicester as a candidate so she could keep an eye on MQS, MQS refuses.

• Robsart had just died so now no way Dudleya nd Liz can marry so why not marry him off to MQS, Dudley was fuming as he want to marry Liz and MQS sees this as an insult as Dudley is only a horsemaster

• Darnley is a great grandson to HVII through his mother the countess of Lennox, Dudley lives in England (but has a scottish father), he is 19 and MQS 21, Lennox sends Dudley to Scotland over a made up land appeal, MQS falls in lust with him and at court he avoids drink and charms her (but he’s actually bad tempered), a whirlwind romance and she falls pregnant quickly

• Darnley could kick his legs quite high

• On July 29th 1565 at Holyrood palace she married Darnley

• The marriage proved to be a disaster, Darnley was arrogant, dissolute, self seeking and power demanding. Once married he drops the pretense, is abusive, visits lots of brothels, demands to become King not King consort, MQS says no and won’t give him the ‘crown matrimonial’, he has Tudor blood but no right to the scottish throne so the relationship gets worse.

• This results in MQS spending much of her time with the Italian musician Rizzio (just friends), he comes in as a musician but quickly becomes an advisor (possible he is sleeping with Darnley, Scottish lords hate him as he’s an italian catholic and think he’s an agent of the Pope and is trying to influence the policy in Scotland. Darnley comes to hate him for how close he comes to MQS, he has taken the place of Darnley/moray/Advicors. They decide he needs to go ( Moray involved in plot but not with the murder), led by Lord Ruthen who is dying anway. At one point, Darnley even claims the baby isn’t his (it definetly is) so when J is born when MQS makes Darnley swear in front of tof the nobles the baby is his.

• Darnley driven by jealousy, suspicion murdered Rizzio right in front of Mary, he is stabbed 50 times by Prot noble henchmen, including Darnley himself) MQS was pregnant at this time and in june 1565 she gave birth to her sons JI.

• Post Rizzio, MQS in control of the prot lords, she complains to Moray about Rizzio’s murder who portrays himself as a hero (ideal, rely on MQS) but it doesn’t work out like this as MQS doesn’t trust Moray (as he won’t bring the murderers to justice). So MQS turns to Darnley, claims she will give him the crown matrimonial if he helps her out (bluffing) MQS stalls in giving him the crown, so turns to Bothwell (prot) for help as he is totally loyal to MQS, he keeps her independent, Bothwell decides Darnley ahs to go.

• In the night of the 10th February 1567, Darnley recovering from Syphilis/Smallpox at a house at Kirk’o field near Edinburgh, was murdered. His house was blown up with gunpowder and Darnleu and his servnat were found dead (strangled), Bothwell’s men (not Bothwell) were seen running away after the explosion. Bothwell considered to be responsible for this but in the enmd he was found guiltless due to lack of evidence, MQS was implicayed but not provable, some historians thinks she was aiming to marry Bothwell. others (eg Williams) say MQS was raped by Bothwell so had to marry him , all else are against her

• Despite advice to the contrary, on the 15th May 1567 MQS married Bothwell, his enemies said he had raped and abducted her. She became pregnant with twins whom she later miscarried. Scottish nobs turned against MQS and Bothwell and raised an amy against them, they faced the lrods at Carberry Hill, but MQS troops were deciamted and she was forced into negotiations. Bothwell was allowed to flee but MQS was taken to Ediburgh and imprisoned at Lochleven Castle.

• Bothwell fled to Denmark, he attempted to raise an army in support of MQS but the King (Frederick II) feared an english reprisal had him chained for the last ten years of his life tp a pillar in the dungeons of Dragsholm castle where he went insane and died in 1578

• Imprisoned at Lochleven Castle, MQS was bullied, threatened and cajoled intp abdication in favour of her infant son James. Imprisoned by Douglas who hates her as they are related to Darnley, but their son George Douglas helps to raise an army and William Douglas nicks the keys (dressed as a washerwoman). Moray is appointed as regent.

• MQS escapes and manages to raise a small army but she was defeated again at the battle of Langside on the 13th may 1568. She fled to England to seek protection and support from Liz. Assumes liz will support her! Liz’s reaction is to help (rebellious subjects) But cecil says no as if MQS is back in charge then pro-french catholic is in charge (Auld Alliance) whilst Moray is Protestant and anti-french (avoids ICC)

• When MQS arrives in England, Liz refused to grant her audience and instead placed MQS in confinement in carlisle and ordered an inquiry, the York Conference 1570. Liz says she doesn’t know what happened to Darnley (anointed King) and MQS is implicated in the murder and Liz doesn’t want blood on her hands. Verdict at the conference is in 1570 (but runs from 1568-9) which is the same time as n’ern earls. Not a trial and unclear whether she was aware of the plot. Main evidence presented at the enquiry were the ‘casket letters’ a set of 8 letters written by Mary to Bothwell implicating her. Given by the prot Lords to Sussex in a silver casket (definetly MQS) but the letters are not definelty hers. eg Weir thinks they are fakes. Verdict wsa inconclusive so was able to justify keeping MQS as prisoner, MQS refused to answer the charges against her and thus was deemed guilty by implication. Meanwhile her son now king of scots, was brought up by her enemies and was in contact with Liz through the protestant nobs. MQS writes to j but he never responds, no contact between the two

• moved to Tutbury following n’ern earls

• Ridolfi Plot (1571), desperate MQS entered a plot with Norfolk, they plot to assassiante Liz. and place MQS on the throne, plot uncovered and Norfolk executed. MQS was liz’s prisoner for 19yrs. Occurs post papal bull of excommunication, Ridolfi was an Italian banker, agent of the papacy under the guise of a banker, MQS now under heightened control

• THE 1570S - 1569 was n’ern earls, 170 was papal bull, 1571 was Ridolfi, all of these Increase the threat of MQQS, 1571 was the very anti cat parl (puts forward three treason acts, also strickland and alphabet bills), so 1572 parl put forward some bills, BILL OF EXCLUSION (to exclude MQS from succession and in that way avoid more plots) BILL OF ATTAINDER (if MQS was foundguilty of plot involvement then she could be attainted, found guilty with no trial of treason), put forward by puritans, bills don’t pass until 1581 (liz doesn’t want them passed) but will in 1581 with the act of the queens safety, shows MQS as a threat in the 1570s

• MQS recieved no help from Fr or Sp due to their own issues, eg 1572 treaty of Blois CDm says she won’t help English throne, no threat from MQS supporters in Scot as Liz helped to beat the Queens lords in 1572 in Scot (were on the verge of civil war over control of the capital) MQS housed in northern midlands (Coventry) and Derbyshire moved from house to house, eg Hardwick Hall, Bolton castle, Sheffield Castle, Away from london and coast, northern england so threat is minimised. Allowed to take the waters at Buxton to help with rheumatismn and meet her niece (father is Darnley’s brother) Arbella Stuart.

• 1580 papa pronouncement it was ok to assassinate Liz. 1584 WofO assassinate in Neths, 1584 was the bond of association (Pc agree to assassinate MQS if needed), 1585 act of the queens safety stated MQS could be removed from succession, tried and executed if involved in a plot (amlgamates 2 bills from 1572 and makes it law - but is still tried in the end at Fotheringhay), 1585 was the act against Jesuits and Seminary priests, 1581-3 was the Guise/Throckmorton plot (most dangerous as it embodies the ICC with Sp, Fr, Pope, Seminary priests, Jesuits and Scots), 1585 Parry Plot (lone gunman due to papal pronouncement)

• 1581 saw two laws against Catholics, recusants could now be fined £20, eough to bankrupt most families, attempting to convert people to catholicism was now treason, 1585 saw the act for the preservation of the Queens safety, helping or sheltering cat priests became punishable by death. It also barred MQS from the succession if Liz was murdered. Any action against MQS could only be taken after an investigation into her role in the plot was carried out, a trial had been held and she was founf guilty, also act against Jesuits and Seminary priests

• Babington Plot 1586, Anthony Babington played the leading role in a conspiracy to free MQS, they sent each pther coded messages, beer barrel man - working for Walsingham (hidden in barrels) so he gives them to Wal who copies them and decodes them, letters write to MQS say they will free her, capture and assassinate Liz, MQS writes back asking for the names of those involved and asks for Liz to be killed first so MWS is not implicated).

• MQS was put on trial for treason, took place in Fotheringhay castle in Northamptonshire, accused of being implicated in the BAbington plot and attempted assassination of LIz. MQS was denied access to a defence counsel, ultimately she was convicted of treason and sentenced to death. At first liz refused to kill MQS (regicide) and gives credence to the 1580 papal bull. Liz goes to Paulet (puritan and MQs last jailor) Liz asks for MQS to be killed and P says no. Williamson puts her death warrant with the other papers and Liz claims she didn’t know what she was signing, death warrant arrives at Fotheringhay ASAP.

• The night before her execution, MQS has written letters and distributed her belongings to her faithful servants, who remained with her in captivity, execution occured in Fotheringhay Castle on the 8th feb 1587. In the Hall, the execution warrant was read out to MQS, dean of Peterborough (puritan) harangues her and she tells him off) says she will do it in a catholic manner. Wore a red skirt, bodice, sleeves and was reveaed and showed her to be a catholic martyr. Given a lower blocj so harder to kill her, Talbott (last jailor) is in tears. She finisges her prayer and strikes the first blow, hits her in the back of her head, still alive and praying, second attempt doesn’t remove her head, does it on th third swing. Her lips were still moving some time afterwards, her head rolls off and then they try and hold up the head (she had a wig on). LAdies put her body in a coffin. Her terrior Geddon was hidden under her gown and curls up next to her head and later died of a broken heart. Purple thistles still grow on the site she was executed, nicknamed ‘Queen Mary’s tears’.

• In 1588 MQS was buried at Peterborough Cathedral but her body was exhumed in 1612, when her son JVI ordered to reinter her in Westminster Abbey, JVI succeeded to the English throne in 1603.

CATHOLIC THREAT

• 1568 BULLION AFFAIR - PII borrowed money from Genoa, money is going to Alva and sends it by boat but this is a bad idea due to the horrific weather (november). Ships get to England and dock in Portsmouth and Southampton (or else they’ll lose all their money). Despes gets mad and calls it ‘an act of war’. He gets permission for the money to travel over land to Dover where it’ll be met with ships. But Cecil takes the money. Williamson calls it ‘costly and senseless’. Despes goes to Cecil fuming and writes a letterto PII demanding retribution. Liz argues that it belonged to the Italian bankers and she just borrows it from them instead.

• MASSACRE OF SAN JUAN DE ULLOA 1568 - Hawkins goes to the New World and illegally trades with the Spanish Empire (eg triangular trade), seen as illegal as they should trade directly with Spain not the empire. He’s been doing it since 1563 and Spain are unhappy with this so murder all english in the Caribbean. Only one boat gets home occurs pre bullion affair but news hits after.

• most Liz’s subjects are catholic but go along with her settlement and only a minority are involved in plots but a large number of gentry are recusants (about a third) not peasants as they can’t afford fines

• don’t have a first execution until 1577

• although a protestant, the catholic opposition in the HOL during the debate of the 1559 religious settlements shook Liz. Prot belief was a minority belief especially outside London. In the early 1560s Liz wanted to win over cats - to persuade people away from catholicism by getting hem used to the new prot form of service which retained catholic visual symbols rather than forcing them through submission through the law

• opposition from the start with the 25 bishops who don’t take the oath of supremacy

• Bishops were told to enforce the prot service through the use of the BCP, adminster the oath of supremacy and fine any recusants who did not attend church services, penalties were not always rigoursly enforced

• To have vigorously enforced the settlement and persecuted catholics would have driven them into open rebellion and the protestants were outnumbered. Liz needed the support of the catholic gentry to carry our gov policiies and enforce the law and order in the provinces. Explains why there is no rebellion for 10yrs and only rebel when MQS turns up

• 1559 - 1st 2 attempts fail, blocked in the HOL (due to the marian Bishops), reject supremem head and the 1552 inspired BCP, supremacy passes in lords after much debate - but 25 out of 27 bish reject it, uniformity passes by 3 votes, only 4% of clergy don’t take the oath

• 1563 PARL (2nd parl), in 1563 the convocation of the clergy issued the 39 articles summarising the dogma of the anglican church. These included declarations that the bishop of rome (derogatory term for the Pope) hath no jurisdiction in this relam of England and that masses offered for the souls of the living and the dead were dangerous fables and dangerous deceits. They were broadly supportive of a reformed doctrine. Oath of Supremacy extended to be said by lawyers, doctors and teachers. Fines also extended by recusancy. Duran class these artiles a ‘hybrid of protestant’ these articles are not a via media. Not excommunicated yet as convinces the Pope she may return, Philip needs England and he doesn’t want to break this yet

• COUNCIL OF TRENT - In N’ern Italy, pope thinks that Liz will send a representative, each country sends a cardinal and all the top bods in the church attend, talk about how to reform and meet the challenges of protestantism. Meets in 1563 but first meets in 1545. liz said she will sed a representative, called the ‘general of church council’

• 1563 PENALTIES - first offence against the act of supremacy could mean loss of all goods and movable possessions. A second offence could result in live imprisonment and loss of all real estate. A third offence was regarded as high treason and could confer the death penalty.

• The act of uniformity, introduced heavy penalties, for those who refused to conform to Liz’s church. Failure to attend the new sunday service could attract a fine of one shilling, this was 2-3 days pay for many of the lowlier subjects. An alternative punishment was excommunication from the CofE.

• Attending the catholic mass could attract colossal fines of 100 marks for the first offence, a second offence quadrupled the fine, a thirs time could mean life imprisonment and the loss of all goods. The same punishment was threatened against those who criticised the BCP. Anyone assisting at MAss was liable to six months imprisonment for the first offence, a year for the second and life for the third.

• 1560s Liz’s attitude, policy was moderate towards catholicism, personal toleration (windows into mens souls), international situation (don’t want war with RC europe), Inability to enforce LIz will on catholics as there were many catholic areas still in England. Attitude of Pope Pius is that Liz may still go catholic.

• Lancashire local gentry very catholic and protect locals

• 1560s Liz tells Spanish Ambassador, she will go to nat cat (still has crosses in chambers and confusing and doesn’t like long sermons)

• English cats were in contact with the Pope and papal authority as they were asking for guidance

• There was a change in the late 1560s, 1566 new Pope Pius V (anti prot and anti-Liz) intolerant feels as if she’s been playing Pope Pius IX, 167 Alva was in the Netherlands with a spanish army, 1568 Bullion affair and Massacre of San Juan de Ulloa, 1569 revolt of northern earls

• ALVA - netherlands was going protestant and burning through the ‘placards’, also bad harvests and starvation so some nobles (eg William of Orange) go to the regent (P rules but lives in spain) so go to Marg of Parma, nobles says she needs to stop persecution as this may cause rebellion. So Mary relaxes persecution. Prots get round and attacks all catholic churches (1566) known as the ‘iconoclastic fury’ and kills catholics. Marg panics as this had an opposite effect, writes to PII and asks for an army, he sends spanish army, 10k to 70k to 100k in 1572. Led by Alva, massive english catholic army on her doorstep (cecil’s ICC) worried english catholics will join up - eg Northern Earls)

• 1570 PAPAL BULL - ;regnanis in Exclesis’ (ruling from on high), issued by Pius V, meant to arirve for N’ern earls but came too late (has to physically get here) to help them and is one of the reason why it fails. Liz was excommunicated (described her as a heretic), if RCs obey Liz they are also get excommunicated and will go to hell. RCs no longer have to obey Liz as she’s not the rightful Queen, which is the justification the N’ern earls need. Majority of catholic ignore it as they were happy with Via Media and Liz and onky a minority revel and want MQS as queen. Lots don’t want a foreign Queen with French backing

• 1571 3 TREASON LAWS - passed due to dears of Rcs after papal bull and Ridolfi Plot 1571, it re-enacted the terms of the 1534 HVIII treason act, 2 treason to bring papal bull into England and its on offence to leave England for more than 6 months with out permission - aimed at RCs who have gone abroad to plot (need permission of the PCO), can be executed for just having a copy, eg saying Liz is a heretic/bastard meant you were executed. Occurs in the 1571 palr (hugely anti cat - alphabet/strickland bills), first time severe anti cat legislation was passed (before was just fines), clear change in 59 and 65 legs, causes Mayne to be executed in 1577, passed due to fo po context and n’ern ealrs

• 1574 SEMINARY PRIESTS - catholic hopes were revived when William Allen’s seminary priests started coming off the boast in 1574. The first english seminary priests came from Douai in Flanders where william Allen, the former principle of St Mary Hall in oxford had founded a college in 1568. By 1580, 100 plus had come to England. Placed great emphasis on confession and mass, hidden in priest holes, 1577 the furst missionary priest was executed (Cuthbert Mayne), 1578, 2 more executed due to 1571 treason laws. In June 1580 they were joined in England by the Jesuits members of the dynamic religious order founded in the furnace of the reformation. Mayne islater canonised, college is est in 1568, some in touch with MQS and plots. Allen was an english catholic but left (there under Mary but leaves when settlement gets too prot). Aim is to make contact with the gentry and be protected (priest holes) and will give mass and confessions, not aiming to convert

• JESUITS 1580 - arrived in England in 1580, Randell calls them ‘the spearhead of the counter reformation’ they were very militant, focus again on the mass confession, conversion, they were very militant and prepped to die for their faith, hide in priest holes to aboid vagrancy and worked with seminary priests. Established in 1540 by a spaniard, a very militant monastic order, convert and die for faith, martydom complex, pope trains abroad and come back to England.

• EDMUND CAMPION - Jesuit priest and RC pamphleteers, went to OXford Uni (offered position here), was offered a position in the CofE but declined it, entered Eng in 1580 as a part of a RC missionary group, Jesuits group (included RC Robert Parsons). Told not to get involved in politics but started preaching. His preaching caught the attention of yhr authorities so he explained his inteent in ‘campions bag’, continued ministering in Berkshire, Oxfordhsire,. Lancashire and Northamptonshire. Hunt for campion intensified znd he wa executed at Tyburn on the 1st December 1581

• 1580 PAPAL PRONOUNCEMENT - 10yrs on from the papal bull, pope issued a statement encouraging the assassination of Liz (1584 WofO dies)

• 1581 PARL responded with the act ‘act to retain the Queen’s majesties subjects in their due obedience’, penalties were relatively minor, saying mass saw a fine of 200 marks and life imprisonment, recusancy fines was 20 pounds, had to attend their own church to stop gentry saying mass in their own homes

• ACT OF THE QUEENS SAFETY - also in 1585 parlm excludes MQS from succession (even if never plots) if seen to be the cause of a plot then is executed (bond of assosciation now law) and MQS executed 2yrs later.

• CATS AND THE ARMADA - most stay loyal to Liz, Allen ‘am admonition to the people of England’ meant to encourage catholivs to rise in rebellion ‘begotten and borne in sin’, Wright says that the spanish armada was not a religious war or crusade but a war of aggression from a foreign power, so eng cats stay loyal

• boat in armada full of tools of inquisition

• Post armada, not a major threat, no figurehead in MQS, calm down, no major plots, more armad in 1590s but mostly in Ireland

• BLOODY QUESTION - cross examined, 6th question who do you obey the queen or the Pope,

• 1585 ACT AGAINST JESUITS AND SEM PRIESTS - an RC priest had 40 days to leave or their presence is treason, any person protecting a priest is also guilty of treasaon, anyone a cause of a RC plot can be executed

• from 1581 gov became more anti-cat (1581-4 Throckmorton, 1584 is Parry, 1584 parma and assassination of WofO, 1580 arrival of Jesuits)

• 1584 BOND OF ASSOSCIATION - PC sign document to say if MQS is found as cause of plt they will execute her