Differential Diagnoses
Introduction to Differential Diagnosis
Importance of obtaining a thorough history in diagnosis (80% of diagnosis).
Differential diagnosis can be refined through physical exam and investigations.
Structure the history into subsections:
About the symptom: what, where, when, how bad, exacerbating/relieving factors.
Relevant organ systems: target questions based on presenting complaints.
Risk Factors
Review differential diagnoses for presenting complaints.
Identify risk factors that heighten likelihood of certain conditions, e.g. food history and recent travel for diarrhoea.
Utilize lists of differential diagnoses as a guide for pertinent questioning.
Systemic Enquiry
General Questions
Common symptoms to inquire: fever, sweats, fatigue, malaise, appetite loss, weight loss.
Cardiovascular System
Symptoms: chest pain, palpitation, breathlessness (exertional, at rest), dizziness.
Respiratory System
Symptoms: wheeze, breathlessness, cough.
Gastrointestinal System
Symptoms: nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits.
Urogenital System
Symptoms: urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, loin pain.
Neurological System
Symptoms: cognitive impairment, headache, weakness, coordination problems.
Rheumatological System
Symptoms: joint pain/swelling, morning stiffness, malaise.
Diabetes and Endocrine
Symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, neck swelling.
Ear, Nose, Throat
Symptoms: ear pain/discharge, nasal discharge.
Common Presentations and Differential Diagnoses
Abdominal Pain
Loin Pain
Causes: UTI, obstruction, renal carcinoma.
Conditions leading to pain could be surgical or medical.
Groin Pain
Causes: renal stones, testicular torsion, hernias.
Diffuse Abdominal Pain
Gastroenteritis is common.
Referred Abdominal Pain
Can appear from distant sites, clinicians to assess appropriately.
Back Pain
Causes include muscle spasm, malignancy, infections like TB.
Differentiate based on age-related factors.
Blackouts
Common causes: arrhythmias, postural hypotension, vestibular condition.
Neurological considerations include epilepsy.
Breathlessness/Dyspnoea
Acute Causes: PE, pneumothorax.
Subacute: pneumonia, acute LVF.
Chronic: asthma, COPD, cardiac disease.
Chest Pain
Chest Wall: fractures, intercostal muscle pain.
Pleura and Lung: pneumonia, pleurisy.
Mediastinal Structures: aortic dissection, pericarditis.
Confusion
Common causes: hypoglycaemia, infection (e.g. meningitis), metabolic issues (e.g. liver failure).
Constipation
Drug-related (opiate use), GI issues, endocrine causes.
Cough
Consider infectious causes (e.g. URTI, TB) and chronic conditions (e.g. asthma).
Diarrhoea
Bloody Diarrhoea: infectious colitis, IBD, malignancy.
Non-bloody Diarrhoea: viruses, bacteria, parasites, medication effects.
Fits
Differentiate from other causes of seizures such as metabolic disorders and infections.
Fever
Common causes: infections, connective tissue diseases, malignancy.
Joint Pain/Swelling
Assess for infections, trauma, potential malignancy.
Leg Swelling
Investigate causes such as cardiac failure, renal failure, and DVT.
Muscle Weakness
Range of causes from congenital to infectious and neuro-conditions.
Wheeze
Possible causes include asthma, bronchitis, and anaphylaxis.
Conclusion
Accurate diagnosis relies on a structured approach to history, physical examination, and understanding of differential diagnoses for common symptoms.