Kinesiology Study Notes

KINESIOLOGY: Scientific Basis of Human Motion

Overview

• Textbook Reference: Kinesiology Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

• Authors: Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens

• Presentation: Created by TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC Humboldt State University, Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

• Publisher: McGraw-Hill/Irwin

• Copyright: © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives of Kinesiology Study

1. Name, locate, & describe the structure & ligamentous reinforcements of the joints.

2. Name & demonstrate movements possible within the joints.

3. Name & locate muscles & muscle groups, detailing their primary actions.

4. Analyze the fundamental movements in relation to joint & muscle actions.

5. Describe common injuries related to kinesiology.

Joints and Ligaments of the Shoulder Girdle

Acromioclavicular Joint

• Articulation: Acromion and distal end of clavicle.

• Reinforcements:

  • Acromioclavicular ligament: Strengthens joint superiorly.

  • Aponeurosis: Trapezius & deltoid strengthen joint posteriorly.

  • Coracoclavicular ligament: Further stabilizes the joint.

Sternoclavicular Joint

• Articulation: Proximal clavicle with sternum and cartilage of first rib.

• Capsule: Thickened by anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments.

• Significance: This is the only bony connection between the humerus and the axial skeleton; it allows for limited motion of the clavicle, which is partially responsible for scapula movements.

• Clavicular Movements at SC joint:

  • Elevation & depression

  • Protraction & retraction

  • Forward & backward rotation.

Movements of the Shoulder Girdle

Major Movements

1. Elevation

2. Depression

   

3. Abduction (Protraction)

4. Adduction (Retraction)

5. Upward Rotation

6. Downward Rotation

   

7. Anterior Tilt

8. Posterior Tilt

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle

Anterior Muscles

1. Pectoralis Minor: Functions in downward rotation, anterior tilt, and depression of scapula.

2. Serratus Anterior: Abducts scapula; contributes to upward rotation.

3. Subclavius: Protects and stabilizes the sternoclavicular joint; depresses the scapula.

Posterior Muscles

1. Levator Scapulae: Elevates scapula and contributes to downward rotation.

2. Rhomboids: Adducts (retracts) and elevates scapula; works with trapezius for good posture.

3. Trapezius: Functions include:

   • Elevation

   • Upward rotation

   • Adduction

   • Depression

   

Functions of Key Muscles

• Serratus Anterior: Promotes upward rotation of scapula; active in reaching and pushing movements.

• Subclavius: Stabilizes the sternoclavicular joint and depresses the scapula.

• Levator Scapulae: Elevates the scapula and assists in downward rotation.

• Rhomboids: Downward rotation, adduction, and elevation of the scapula.

• Trapezius: Supports various movements including elevation and its roles in posture maintenance.

Glenohumeral Joint Structure and Function

• Articulation: Spherical head of humerus articulates with the shallow glenoid fossa of the scapula.

• Glenoid Labrum: Deepens the fossa and cushions the impact during forceful movements.

Ligamentous Reinforcements

1. Coracohumeral Ligament

2. Glenohumeral Ligaments

3. Coracoacromial Ligament

4. Long Head of Biceps

Muscle Locations for Glenohumeral Joint

• Superior: Supraspinatus, Long Head of Biceps

• Anterior: Subscapularis, Pectoralis Major, Teres Major

• Inferior: Long Head of Triceps

• Posterior: Infraspinatus, Teres Minor

Types of Glenohumeral Movements

1. Flexion / Extension

2. Hyperextension

3. Circumduction

4. Abduction / Adduction

5. Horizontal / Diagonal Movements

6. Internal / External Rotation

   • Internal Rotation

   • External Rotation

• Various movements are dictated by the coordination of multiple muscle groups.

Injury Mechanisms and Management

1. Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint Injuries: Caused by forced movement beyond normal range of motion (ROM), falling on an outstretched hand, or downward blows.

   • Injuries involve: Tearing or severe stretching of AC ligaments.

2. Clavicle Fractures: Similar causes as AC sprains, may indicate injury if shoulder and head positioning shows tilt towards the injured side.

3. Shoulder Dislocation: Typically occurs due to forceful abduction and lateral rotation of the arm, resulting in the humerus displacing from the glenoid fossa.

   • Symptoms include loss of shoulder contour and limited movement.

4. Rotator Cuff Injuries: Often involve the supraspinatus tendon; depend on arm kinematics and often result from overuse or rapid motion.

5. Subacromial Pain Syndrome: Involves soft tissue inflammation and lesions due to overuse, causing shoulder pain and instability.

Figures

• Figures would be referenced as peripheral figures indicating corresponding diagrams.

• Example figures (e.g. Fig 5.1 - 5.40) show articulation, movements, and diagrams pertinent to the study of the shoulder joint and related musculature.