MESH

MOTIVATION

  • Motivation is the need or desire that energizes behavior towards a goal.

  • Types of motivation include biological, cognitive, social, and emotional.

NEEDS, DRIVES, & INSTINCTS

  • Need: Condition where something required is lacking, can be physical or psychological.

  • Drive: Forces motivating actions to satisfy needs (e.g., hunger drive from need for food).

  • Instinct: Inborn behaviors that are not learned.

SOURCES OF MOTIVATION

  • Biological Factors: Necessities such as food, water.

  • Emotional Factors: Feelings like panic, love, or anger.

  • Cognitive Factors: Beliefs and expectations about abilities.

  • Social Factors: Influences from others (parents, peers, media).

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

  • Instinct Theory: Behavior is motivated by instincts.

  • Drive-Reduction Theory: Physiological needs create drives that motivate satisfaction.

  • Incentive Theory: Needs push while stimuli pull towards goals (e.g., rewards).

  • Arousal Theory: Individuals seek their optimal arousal levels.

  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Needs are arranged in a hierarchy, self-actualization is the highest.

EATING BEHAVIOR

  • Influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors (e.g., biochemistry, cultural preferences).

  • Obesity: Defined as being over 30% above ideal weight; associated health risks include heart disease and diabetes.

SEXUAL MOTIVATION

  • Driven by nature to ensure procreation.

  • Influenced by hormones which drive sexual behavior.

  • Sexual orientation reflects preferences for relationships with same-sex, opposite-sex, or neither.

EMOTION

  • Defined as complex psychological states involving experience, physiological response, and behavioral expression.

  • Function: Emotions motivate action and inform decision-making.

THEORIES OF EMOTION

  • James-Lange Theory: Emotions arise from physiological responses.

  • Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotion and physiological reaction occur simultaneously.

  • Two-Factor Theory: Emotions are a result of both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

CULTURAL IMPACT ON EMOTIONS

  • Cultural differences exist in the expression and classification of emotions.

  • Facial expressions for basic emotions are often innate and universally recognized.

STRESS

  • Stress is a response to perceived challenges or threats.

  • Types include major life events, catastrophes, daily hassles, and conflicts.

  • General Adaptation Syndrome: Stress response occurs in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

COPING

  • Problem-focused Coping: Aims to alter the stressor.

  • Emotion-focused Coping: Manages emotional response to stress.

  • Cognitive reappraisal helps in reframing the perspective on stressors.

PERSONALITY

  • Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.

  • Key concepts: Id, Ego, and Superego, which interact to form personality.

  • Trait Theory: Describes personality in terms of traits rather than unconscious motives, employing various tests (e.g., MMPI, Big Five Factors).

  • Social-Cognitive Theory: Behavior results from the interaction of traits and social context, influenced by personal control (internal vs. external locus).

EXPLORING THE SELF

  • Highlights the importance of self-esteem, self-efficacy, individualism, and collectivism in shaping personality and behavior.