CED
UNIT 1: THE GLOBAL TAPESTRY (1200-1450)
1.1 Developments in East Asia from 1200-1450
Key Understandings:
- Explain the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and their development over time.
- The Song Dynasty utilized traditional methods grounded in Confucianism and established an imperial bureaucracy governed by the scholar-gentry, which played a crucial role in maintaining and justifying its rule.
- Explain the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time.
- Chinese cultural traditions, particularly the concept of filial piety, continued to pervade neighboring regions.
- Buddhism, with its core beliefs and diverse branches, significantly impacted Asian societies, shaping their cultural landscapes.
- Explain the effects of innovation on the Chinese economy over time.
- The economy of Song China transitioned to a more commercialized structure, heavily reliant on free peasant and artisanal labor.
- Economic flourishing was attributed to enhanced productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and significant innovations in agriculture and manufacturing, highlighted by the introduction of champa rice and the expansion of the Grand Canal.
1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam from 1200-1450
Key Understandings:
- Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society from 1200-1450.
- The core beliefs and practices of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity continually influenced societies in Africa and Asia, affecting their cultural and social landscapes.
- Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time.
- Fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate led to the emergence of new Islamic political entities such as the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and the Delhi Sultanates, many of which were Turkic-dominated.
- These states showed both continuity from previous Islamic empires and significant innovation, enhancing diversity.
- Military expansion allowed Muslim influence to spread into various parts of Afro-Eurasia, further bolstered bymerchants, missionaries, and Sufi practices.
- Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam.
- Muslim states and empires fostered substantial intellectual developments, particularly in fields like mathematics and medicine, with notable institutions like the House of Wisdom in Baghdad facilitating knowledge transfer.
1.3 Developments in South and Southeast Asia from 1200-1450
Key Understandings:
- Explain how the various belief systems and practices of South and Southeast Asia affected society over time.
- Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism retained their roles in societal shaping, as evidenced in artistic achievements like Angkor Wat and the Bhakti movement.
- Explain how and why various states of South and Southeast Asia developed and maintained power over time.
- State formation showcased continuity, innovation, and diversity, with new Hindu and Buddhist states emerging, like the Khmer Empire and Majapahit.
1.4 State Building in the Americas
Key Understandings:
- Explain how and why states in the Americas developed and changed over time.
- American states mirrored trends observed in Afro-Eurasian systems, characterized by continuity and diversification as evidenced in the Mexica and Inca empires, employing various means to consolidate power.
1.5 State Building in Africa
Key Understandings:
- Explain how and why states in Africa developed and changed over time.
- Parallel to Eurasian and American experiences, African state systems embodied continuity and innovation, with the expansion of entities like Great Zimbabwe.
1.6 Developments in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450
Key Understandings:
- Explain how beliefs and practices of predominant religions in Europe affected European society.
- Christianity, Judaism, and Islam consistently influenced the social structures within Europe.
- Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to 1450.
- Characterized by political fragmentation, Europe displayed decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and manorial systems.
- Explain the effects of agriculture on social organization in Europe from c. 1200 to 1450.
- Dependent on both free and coerced labor, including serfdom, agriculture largely defined European societies.
1.7 Comparison in the Period from 1200-1450
Key Understandings:
- Explain the similarities and differences in processes of state formation from 1200-1450 among the Abbasid Caliphate, the Song Dynasty, the Mexica and Inca Empires, and at least one African or South/Southeast Asian state.
UNIT 2: NETWORKS OF EXCHANGE (1200-1450)
2.1 The Silk Roads
Key Understandings:
- Explain the causes and effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.
- Improved commercial practices boosted trade volumes and extended geographic ranges of trade routes, such as the Silk Roads and Indian Ocean, leading to prosperous trading cities, like Kashgar.
- Innovations in existing transportation and commercial technologies, like caravanserai and forms of credit, propelled luxury good trade, particularly between regions in Afro-Eurasia.
- The demand for luxury goods notably increased, with artisans and merchants in China, Persia, and India ramping up production of textiles and porcelain for export.
- The iron and steel manufacturing expanded significantly in China.
2.2 The Mongol Empire and the Making of the Modern World
Key Understandings:
- Explain the process of state building and decline in Eurasia over time.
- Empires faced collapses in various worlds, replaced by emerging imperial states like the Mongol khanates.
- Explain how empire expansions influenced trade and communication over time.
- The Mongolian empire expansion enabled significant Afro-Eurasian trade via integrating new peoples into their economic systems and networks.
- Explain the significance of the Mongol Empire in broader patterns of continuity and change.
- The interregional contact fostered by the Mongols incited crucial technological and cultural transfers, notably Greco-Islamic knowledge and numerical systems to Western Europe.
2.3 Exchange in the Indian Ocean
Key Understandings:
- Explain the causes of growth in networks of exchange after 1200.
- Enhanced commercial practices lifted trade volumes and enlarged the area covered by trade routes, leading to the emergence of prosperous trading cities, such as those on the Swahili Coast and the Sultanate of Malacca.
- This growth in interregional trade of luxury goods was fueled by improved transportation technologies, including the compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs.
- Demand for luxury goods in Afro-Eurasia increased significantly, leading artisans across regions to bolster their textile and porcelain production for export.
- The Indian Ocean trade network promoted state growth markedly.
- Explain the effects of the growth of exchange networks after 1200.
- Merchants established diasporic communities along vital trade routes, introducing their cultural practices to local traditions, while indigenous cultures also influenced merchant practices.
- Interregional conflicts fostered substantial technological and cultural transfers, highlighted by the activities of Chinese maritime operations led by Ming Admiral Zheng He.
- Explain the role of environmental factors in the development of exchange networks from 1200-1450.
- Trade expansion relied significantly on environmental adeptness, such as a keen understanding of monsoon wind patterns.
2.4 Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
Key Understandings:
- Explain the causes and effects of the growth of trans-Saharan trade.
- Interregional trade flourished due to improvements in transportation technologies, such as the camel and organized caravans.
- Enhanced trade practices, along with innovations, resulted in amplified trade volume along trans-Saharan routes.
- Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time.
- The Mali Empire's expansion in West Africa facilitated broader trade interactions, drawing additional populations into the growing economic landscape.
2.5 Cultural Consequences of Connectivity
Key Understandings:
- Explain the intellectual and cultural effects of networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from 1200-1450.
- Cross-cultural interactions led to the diffusion of various literary, artistic, and cultural practices, exemplified by Buddhism's reach in East Asia, alongside the spread of scientific and technological advancements like gunpowder and paper from China.
- Urban dynamics fluctuated, with cities experiencing declines or rejuvenation driven by rising productivity and trade.
- The intensification of exchange networks spurred an increase in travel writing within Afro-Eurasia, as seen in the works of notable travelers like Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo.
2.6 Environmental Consequences of Connectivity
Key Understandings:
- Explain the environmental effects of various exchange networks in Afro-Eurasia from 1200-1450.
- Crop diffusion continued, including the introduction of bananas in Africa and new rice strains in East Asia, alongside the spread of pathogens, resulting in epidemics like the bubonic plague along trade routes.
2.7 Comparison of Economic Exchange
Key Understandings:
- Explain the similarities and differences among the various networks of exchange from 1200-1450.
- Enhanced and increasingly diverse human interactions across regions stimulated cultural, technological, and biological exchange among societies.
- Changes in trade networks reflected and precipitated escalating productive capabilities with significant ramifications for societal constructs, gender roles, and environmental conditions.
UNIT 3: LAND-BASED EMPIRES (1450-1750)
3.1 Empires Expand
Key Understandings:
- Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450-1750.
- Imperial growth increasingly relied on gunpowder technology, cannons, and armed trade, leading to expansive empires across hemispheres.
- Notable land empires during this period included the Manchu in Central and East Asia, the Mughal in South and Central Asia, the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, and the Safavids in the Middle East.
- The political and religious disputes incited rivalries and conflicts among states, particularly illustrated by the tensions between the Safavid and Mughal empires.
3.2 Empires: Administration
Key Understandings:
- Explain how rulers utilized diverse methods to legitimize and consolidate power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750.
- Recruitment of bureaucratic elites and development of professional military class, such as the Ottoman devshirme system, became commonplace to uphold centralized authority over populations and resources.
- Rulers employed religious ideologies (e.g., divine right in Europe), monumental art, and architecture (like Qing imperial portraits and Mughal mosques) to validate their governance.
- Innovative tax-collection mechanisms, such as Mughal zamindar systems and Ottoman tax farming, were employed to raise revenue facilitating state power and expansion.
3.3 Empires: Belief Systems
Key Understandings:
- Explain continuity and change among various belief systems from 1450-1750.
- The Protestant Reformation represented a significant rupture with established Christian traditions.
- The Protestant and Catholic reformations both contributed to the expanding reach of Christianity.
- Political rivalries intensified divisions within Islam between Sunni and Shi’a factions.
- Sikhism emerged in South Asia from a blend of Hinduism and Islam's influences.
3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires
Key Understandings:
- Compare the strategies employed by various empires to enhance their influence from 1450 to 1750.
- Empires broadened their geographical reach and influence, shaped by the diverse populations they interacted with, undergoing modification by and making modifications to these populations.
- The interconnection between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres propelled transoceanic trade, having profound social implications globally.
- Increased and intensified interactions between newly connected hemispheres promoted the proliferation of existing religious traditions, contributing to religious conflicts and the formation of syncretic beliefs.
UNIT 4: TRANSOCEANIC CONNECTIONS (1450-1750)
4.1 Technological Innovations from 1450 to 1750
Key Understandings:
- Explain how cross-cultural interactions facilitated technological diffusion and transformed trade and travel patterns from 1450 to 1750.
- Knowledge and technology transfers from Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds (e.g., the lateen sail and compass) facilitated European advancements and innovations.
- Developments included the creation of new tools, enhancements in ship designs (like the caravel), and a refined understanding of wind and current patterns, all of which made transoceanic commerce viable.
4.2 Exploration: Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750
Key Understandings:
- Describe state roles in maritime exploration expansion from 1450 to 1750.
- State-sponsored maritime exploration surged during this time.
- The Portuguese improved maritime technology and navigation skills, leading to more frequent maritime activities in Africa and Asia, resulting in the emergence of a global trading empire.
- Spanish backing of Columbus's voyages dramatically increased interest in transoceanic travel.
- Northern Atlantic routes were established under English, French, and Dutch patronage, often targeting alternative routes to Asia.
4.3 Columbian Exchange
Key Understandings:
- Explain the origins of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
- Emerging connections across the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in an exchange of plants, animals, and diseases, termed the Columbian Exchange.
- European colonization in the Americas inadvertently transferred diseases, including endemic East Hemisphere pathogens such as smallpox, impacting native populations.
- American food crops became staples in Europe, Asia, and Africa, while European agricultural introductions included fruit trees, sugar, and domesticated animals.
- The nutritional benefits stemming from the diversity of American crops significantly improved Afro-Eurasian diets.
4.4 Maritime Empires Established
Key Understandings:
- Explain the processes of state building and expansion among empires from 1450 to 1750.
- Europeans constructed new trading outposts in Africa and Asia, yielding profits for the associated rulers and merchants through emerging global trade networks.
- Some Asian states implemented restrictive trade policies to mitigate the adverse economic and cultural results stemming from European-driven long-distance trade.
- European rivals established maritime empires (e.g., Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British) largely driven by political, religious, and economic tensions.
- The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered African states like the Asante and the Kingdom of Kongo, enhancing their prominence within trading frameworks.
- Economic systems, particularly colonial economies in the Americas, relied heavily on agriculture which engaged existing labor methods (e.g., Incan mit’a system) and introduced new labor systems (chattel slavery, indentured labor).
4.5 Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed
Key Understandings:
- Explain how rulers strategically employed economic methods to consolidate and maintain power from 1450 to 1750.
- European rulers leveraged mercantilist policies to exert control over economies and assert claims on overseas territories.
- Joint-stock companies reflected mercantilist principles, aiding merchants and rulers in pursuing exploration and competition in global trade.
- Economic confrontations catalyzed rivalries between nations, exemplified by the Muslim-European conflicts in the Indian Ocean region.
- The Atlantic trade system encapsulated the circulation of goods, wealth, and labor (including enslaved labor).
- The new global exchange of commodities was facilitated through charters of European trading monopolies, global flows of silver (notably derived from Spanish territories), accommodating Asian market demand for such currency.
- Established regional markets within Afro-Eurasia adapted to contemporary commercial practices while also incorporating new shipping services developed by European traders.
- The demand surge for food and consumer goods resulted in intensified participation from peasant and artisan labor across many locales.
4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450 to 1750
Key Understandings:
- Explain the effects of state power development from 1450 to 1750.
- Expansion and centralization of state power met with opposition from diverse local social, political, and economic factions, visible in examples like Ana Nzinga’s resistance and Metacom’s War.
- Slave rebelling asserted contestations against prevailing authorities within the Americas, which included the formation of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil alongside North American slave uprisings.
4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450 to 1750
Key Understandings:
- Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have evolved or remained constant over time.
- Empires like the Mughal and Ottoman absorbed diverse ethnic and religious attributes of their subjects, capitalizing on their economic, political, and military contributions.
- Conversely, some nations imposed suppressive measures against diversity, thereby limiting participation from certain groups in governance, economics, or social realms (as seen in the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal).
- Imperial conquests and expanding global economic frameworks led to the emergence of novel political and economic elites, notably identified with China transitioning towards the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Casta system in the Americas.
- The influence of existing elites (like Ottoman timars and European nobility) oscillated in response to the prevailing challenges posed by increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.
4.8 Continuity and Change from 1450 to 1750
Key Understandings:
- Explain how economic trends from 1450 to 1750 influenced social structures.
- The interlinked state of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, heightened through transoceanic movements, redefined trade and had profound societal consequences.
- While agriculture remained the backbone of productivity, pivotal shifts transpired regarding labor patterns, manufacturing locales, gender structures, and environmental processes.
- Empires experienced escalated scale and influence across the globe, dynamically shaping and being shaped by the varied demographics they absorbed.
UNIT 5: REVOLUTIONS (1750-1900)
5.1 The Enlightenment
Key Understandings:
- Explain the ideological context for revolutions in the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900.
- Enlightenment philosophies nurtured new modes of comprehension surrounding the natural world and human interactions, critically assessing the role of religion in public life and emphasizing logical reasoning.
- Novel political concepts regarding the individual, natural rights, and the social contract emerged, often prompting revolts against established authority structures.
- Nationalism evolved into a pivotal force influencing the historical trajectory of states and empires.
- Explain the Enlightenment's impact on societies over time.
- Enlightenment and religious discussions spurred various reform movements, facilitating broader rights accessibility as noted in expanded suffrage and abolition initiatives.
- Women's rights movements, prominently featuring works like Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, and various declarations (e.g., Olympe de Gouge’s) emerged, challenging the political and gender status quo via forums like the Seneca Falls Conference in 1848.
5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions from 1750-1900
Key Understandings:
- Explain the causes and effects of revolutions spanning from 1750 to 1900.
- A new sentiment of shared identity emerged among peoples based on common language, faith, and customs, at times harnessed by governments to cultivate unity.
- The 18th century initiated a fervent phase of upheaval directed against established regimes, inspiring the formation of new nation-states globally.
- Discontent with monarchic and imperial governance sparked the evolution of governmental systems and ideologies such as democracy and 19th-century liberalism.
- Following democratic influencers, colonial subject-led rebellions in the Americas materialized, akin to the American Revolution, which established the United States as a republic, inspiring global counterparts.
- Documented Enlightenment principles pervaded founding documents — e.g., the American Declaration of Independence, French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and Bolívar’s Letter from Jamaica — which framed resistance against existing political powers with an eye towards independence and democratic values.
- Newly formed national identities often intertwined with state borders; in some instances, nationalists contested boundaries or pushed for regional unification (ex: Maori nationalism in New Zealand, Puerto Rican nationalism with Lola Rodriguez de Tio, and Ottomanism among the German and Italian unifications).
5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins
Key Understandings:
- Explain the environmental factors fueling industrialization from 1750 to 1900.
- Numerous environmental catalysts fostered industrial production growth leading to the onset of the Industrial Revolution in England, including:
- Proximity to waterways facilitating transportation via rivers and canals.
- Locations rich in essential resources like coal, iron, and timber.
- Urbanization trends promoting labor accessibility.
- Enhanced agricultural productivity yielding a surplus labor pool.
- Access to foreign resources bolstering manufacturing.
- Capital accumulation thus accelerating investments in industrial ventures.
- The factory system emerged as a means of concentrating production, incentivizing labor specialization.
5.4 Industrialization Spreads (1750-1900)
Key Understandings:
- Explain the evolution of production methods and locations over time.
- The rapid steam-powered industrial production proliferation in European nations and the United States expanded their share in the global manufacturing arena during the initial Industrial Revolution phase.
- While Middle Eastern and Asian regions perpetuated manufacturing, their global market shares diminished (e.g., textile output from India and Egypt),
- As new industrial production methods proliferated in Northwestern Europe, these techniques diffused to other European locales, the United States, Russia, and Japan.
5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age
Key Understandings:
- Explain technological impacts on economic production over time.
- Technological advancements, notably in machinery like steam engines and internal combustion engines, enabled the utilization of vast fossil fuel energy stores (i.e., coal and oil).
- This fossil fuel revolution considerably augmented available energy for societal demands.
- The latter half of the 19th century saw the second industrial revolution usher in advancements in steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision engineering.
- Innovations in transportation (e.g., railroads, steamships) and communication (e.g., telegraph) unlocked remote areas for exploration, trade, and migration, reshaping both economic and social landscapes.
5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role (1750-1900)
Key Understandings:
- Explain the causes and consequences of state-led economic strategies.
- During the rise of the Industrial Revolution, select governments championed models of industrial development, including Muhammad Ali’s establishment of Egypt’s cotton textile sector.
- Subsequent expansions of influence from the U.S. and Europe into Asia precipitated internal reform movements in Japan, nurturing industrial growth and consolidating Japan’s regional authority during the Meiji Era.
5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age
Key Understandings:
- Explain the formation of economic systems and ideologies affecting change from 1750 to 1900.
- Western European nations gradually shunned mercantilism in favor of free trade policies, which were partly responses to the amplified acceptance of Adam Smith's laissez-faire capitalism frameworks.
- The global dimensions of trade and production facilitated the rise of large, transnational enterprises reliant on novel banking and finance systems, including stock markets.
- Industrial capitalism's advancement corresponded with enhanced living conditions for select populations alongside evolutions in manufacturing processes, augmenting the diversity and accessibility of consumer goods.
5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy (1750-1900)
Key Understandings:
- Explain the onset and outcomes of various reformist calls in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900.
- The societal transformations instigated by industrial capitalism compelled different governments, organizations, and individuals to advocate for a plethora of reforms, including political, social, educational, and urban initiatives.
- Labor unions emerged as organized forces that sought better working conditions, reduced hours, and increased wages for industrial workers.
- Diverse political movements advocating for alternative societal structures debuted, as disillusionment with entrenched power hierarchies ignited varied ideologies, notably those championed by Karl Marx (socialism and communism).
- In response to aggressive expansions from industrial states, certain nations in Asia and Africa endeavored to reform their economic and military infrastructures, though such initiatives often faced dissent from governmental and elite interests (e.g., Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire).
5.9 Society and the Industrial Age
Key Understandings:
- Explain how industrialization redefined social hierarchies and living standards.
- The rise of new social classes, specifically the middle class and the industrial working class, reconfigured traditional societal constructs.
- In working-class households, women and children engaged in wage-earning roles, while middle-class women found their opportunities increasingly circumscribed to domestic spheres or child-rearing responsibilities due to reduced economic pressures.
- Rapid urbanization tied to global capitalism prompted many challenges, including pollution, poverty, escalating crime levels, public health emergencies, housing crises, and infrastructure inadequacies.
5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age
Key Understandings:
- Assess the scope of changes brought about by industrialization from 1750 to 1900.
- The development of industrial capitalism cultivated improved living standards for specific segments, complemented by ongoing manufacturing evolutions that augmented consumer goods varieties and availability.
- The 18th century inaugurated a sustained period of revolutions and rebellions against established governance paradigms, leading to the emergence of new nation-states worldwide.
UNIT 6: RESPONSES TO INDUSTRIALIZATION (1750-1900)
6.1 Rationales for Imperialism
Key Understandings:
- Explain the ideologies supporting imperialism's rise from 1750 to 1900.
- Various cultural, religious, and racial doctrines rationalized imperialist ventures, including Social Darwinism, nationalist sentiments, civilizing missions, and religious conversions aimed at indigenous populations.
6.2 State Expansion
Key Understandings:
- Compare state power shifts across different global regions from 1750 to 1900.
- Existing colonial states fortified their control over territories and sometimes transitioned from private holdings to direct governmental oversight (ex: shift from King Leopold II’s private ownership of the Congo to Belgium’s control).
- The U.S., Japan, and Russia enlarged their territorial acquisitions by subjugating nearby lands, while Western Spanish and Portuguese dominion waned.
- European nations resorted to a mix of military and diplomatic efforts to expand their empires in Africa, illustrated by Belgium’s actions in the Congo, as well as settler colony establishments in regions like New Zealand.
6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion
Key Understandings:
- Discuss how internal and external factors shaped state-building processes from 1750 to 1900.
- Heightening debates around political authority and escalating nationalist feelings triggered various anti-colonial movements.
- Resistance against imperialism manifested in multiple forms, encompassing direct actions within empires (a noted example being the 1857 rebellion in India) and the emergence of independent entities on fringe territories, represented by the Zulu Kingdom and the formation of new states in the Balkans.
- Increasing dissatisfaction with colonial rule spawned uprisings influenced by religious beliefs, exemplified by Southern Africa’s Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement.
6.4 Global Economic Development
Key Understandings:
- Explain how environmental conditions contributed to global economies evolving from 1750 to 1900.
- The heightened need for raw materials to supply factories and food for burgeoning urban centers stimulated the growth of export economies focused on the commercial extraction of resources and the production of essential crops (e.g., cotton farming in Egypt, rubber harvesting in the Amazon and Congo, diamond mining in Africa).
- Profits accrued from these resources primarily financed imports of finished goods.
6.5 Economic Imperialism
Key Understandings:
- Assess how economic elements shaped global economy development from 1750 to 1900.
- Industrialized nations engaged in economic imperialism, particularly within Latin America and Asia, illustrated by Britain's and France’s exertion of authority in China during the Opium Wars.
- Trade in certain commodities conformed to structures granting European or American merchants and corporations a distinctive competitive edge, particularly in opium propagated from Middle Eastern or South Asian sources to China and South Asian or Egyptian cotton exported to Great Britain.
6.6 Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World
Key Understandings:
- Explain how environmental factors facilitated varied migration patterns from 1750 to 1900.
- Migration dynamics were frequently influenced by demographic shifts in both industrialized and non-industrial societies, challenging established living patterns.
- Advances in transportation propelled both internal and external migrants towards urban centers, prompting a significant trend in 19th-century global urbanization.
- New transport modes also enabled return migrations, either temporarily or permanently, illustrated by Lebanese merchants relocating back to their home societies after financial successes in the Americas.
- Discuss voluntary migration triggers as well as labor coercion effects.
- Individual choices spurred migration in search of employment, amplifying movements like Irish migration to the United States through economic duress.
- The global capitalist framework persisted in utilizing coerced and semi-coerced labor migration, incorporating slavery, indentured servitude, and convict labor paradigms.
6.7 Effects of Migration
Key Understandings:
- Explain the implications of new migration patterns on society from 1750 to 1900.
- Migrant demographics skewed male gravitating towards work, leaving women to adopt roles typically occupied by men in home societies.
- Migrant communities often formed ethnic enclaves in diverse locales, transplanting cultural elements to new environments, evidenced by Irish communities in North America and Indian settlements in East and Southern Africa.
- Host societies sometimes rejected immigrants, with fluctuating levels of ethnic and racial bias influencing governmental responses (like the Chinese Exclusion Act and Australian immigration policies).
6.8 Causation in the Imperial Age
Key Understandings:
- Assess imperialism’s significant consequences from 1750 to 1900.
- The evolution of industrial capitalism engendered enhanced living standards among certain demographics, aligned with continual improvements in manufacturing techniques, yielding broader availability of affordable consumer goods.
- Industrializing states not only extended existing empires but also sought new colonies and integrated transoceanic relationships.
- The 18th century marked a definitive onset of sustained revolutionary fervor against established governance, resulting in the creation of new nation-states worldwide.
- Transoceanic imperialism and a developing global capitalist economy caused substantial shifts in migration trends and dramatic demographic increases of various migrant populations globally.
UNIT 7: GLOBAL CONFLICT SINCE 1900
7.1 Shifting Power After 1900
Key Understandings:
- Explain the internal and external forces instigating change across states post-1900.
- The early 20th century saw Western dominance in global political structures, yet both land-centric and maritime empires experienced metamorphosis toward statehood by the century’s conclusion.
- Declines in the Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires resulted from an interplay of internal strife and external pressures leading to notable shifts, including the revolutionary outcome in Russia.
- Resistance against established political and social orders surfaced globally, as seen in the Mexican Revolution, which stemmed from political crises post-1900.
7.2 Causes of World War I
Key Understandings:
- Analyze the causes and effects precipitating World War I.
- Underlying imperialist ambitions and resource competition acted as catalysts for World War I.
- Preceding regional disputes, combined with an ineffective alliance framework and heightened nationalistic fervor, escalated tensions into widespread global conflict.
7.3 Conducting World War I
Key Understandings:
- Assess how governments orchestrated war efforts during World War I.
- Recognized as the first total war, nations leveraged various political methods, including propaganda through media and art, to galvanize homefront populations and colonial support.
- Innovations in artillery and military technology resulted in unprecedented casualty figures on battlefields.
7.4 Economy in the Interwar Period
Key Understandings:
- Examine governmental responses to economic adversity post-1900.
- Following World War I and the Great Depression, states adopted active roles in managing economic life, exemplified by measures like the New Deal and corporatist economic practices in fascist regimes.
- The Soviet regime embraced statewide economic control through Five-Year Plans, frequently employing oppressive tactics leading to distress within the populace.
7.5 Unresolved Tensions After World War I
Key Understandings:
- Illuminate continuity and shifts in territorial possessions from 1900 to the present.
- Between the world wars, Western and Japanese imperial powers largely retained their colonial territories while occasionally augmenting holdings through conflict or legal frameworks (e.g., League of Nations mandates and Manchukuo).
- Anti-imperial responses emerged confrontationally, as manifested through movements like the Indian National Congress.
7.6 Causes of World War II
Key Understandings:
- Explore the causative factors leading to World War II consequences.
- The unsustainable peace arrangements from World War I, coupled with economic turmoil from the Great Depression, bred latent imperialist urges and paved the way for the ascent of authoritarian regimes advocating aggressive expansionism, as evidenced by Nazi Germany's militarization under Adolf Hitler.
7.7 Conducting World War II
Key Understandings:
- Compare methodologies employed by governments during World War II to manage conflict.
- Like its predecessor, World War II constituted a total war wherein states deployed various strategic measures to mobilize resources at home and abroad for military objectives.
- Fascist and communist ideologies framed government strategies to collectivize state efforts while repressing civil liberties across numerous dimensions of societal life during the conflict.
- Key leaders, including Winston Churchill, Adolf Hitler, and Joseph Stalin, demonstrated varied governmental mobilization tactics reflective of their respective ideologies.
- Technological advances and military strategies, such as the development and deployment of atomic weapons, escalated wartime fatalities significantly.
7.8 Mass Atrocities After 1900
Key Understandings:
- Scrutinize the numerous triggers and outcomes tied to mass atrocities from 1900 onwards.
- The ascent of extremist factions in power resulted in targeted eradication of specific populations, prominently illustrated by the Nazi Holocaust against Jews during World War II, as well as other genocidal acts, including the Armenian extermination during Ottoman rule.
7.9 Causation in Global Conflict
Key Understandings:
- Evaluate the significance of imperialism's causes in the context of global conflict from 1900 to present.
- Rapid advancements in science and technology altered perspectives on existence and nature while also facilitating improvements in communication, transportation, industrialization, agriculture, and healthcare.
- Peoples and nations globally oppositioned existing political and social frameworks in varied modalities, culminating in unprecedented worldwide confrontations throughout the century.
UNIT 8: COLD WAR AND DECOLONIZATION (1900 - present)
8.1 Setting the Stage for Cold War and Decolonization
Key Understandings:
- Explain the historical backdrop surrounding the Cold War after 1945.
- Aspirations for increased self-determination largely remained unmet following World War I; however, the aftermath of World War II saw a rise in anti-imperialist attitudes, culminating in widespread decolonization and state restructuring.
- Post-war technological and economic development conferred a positional shift in global power dynamics.
8.2 The Cold War
Key Understandings:
- Detail the ideological struggles underpinning the Cold War causes and effects.
- Following World War II, the global balance of power shifted, leading to the rivalry between the democratic United States and the authoritative Soviet Union, inciting ideological clashes between capitalism and communism.
- Movements like the Non-Aligned Movement emerged to counter existing economic, political, and social structures in various nations, with leaders like Sukarno in Indonesia and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana pushing alternative paths.
8.3 Effects of the Cold War
Key Understandings:
- Compare how the U.S. and the Soviet Union sought influence throughout the Cold War.
- The Cold War premise engendered new military blocs, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, alongside proliferation of nuclear weapons and proxy warfare, particularly noticed in conflicts occurring in post-colonial regions of Latin America, Africa, and Asia (such as the Angolan civil conflict and the Sandinista-Contras dispute in Nicaragua).
8.4 Spread of Communism After 1900
Key Understandings:
- Analyze causes and outcomes resulting from China embracing communism.
- Chinese communists ascended to power amid internal tensions and external aggressions from Japan, leading to transformative political shifts culminating in revolutionary changes.
- In communist infrastructure, the government centralized economic control through initiatives like the Great Leap Forward, often implementing severe policies that negatively impacted population welfare.
- Explain redistribution movements among economic resources.
- Redistribution campaigns burgeoned across African, Asian, and Latin American countries, at times championing communism or socialism through movements such as the Vietnamese push for independence.
8.5 Decolonization after 1900
Key Understandings:
- Compare decolonization strategies pursued by various peoples post-1900.
- Nationalist movements in Asia and Africa, exemplified by the Indian National Congress and Kwame Nkrumah in British Gold Coast (Ghana), pursued varying paths towards autonomy or outright independence from colonial rule.
- Post World War II, numerous colonies secured independence through negotiations (as witnessed in India and the Gold Coast), while others engaged in armed rebellions (such as Algeria against French control and Vietnam against French colonialism).
- Collateral regional, religious, and ethnic movements (e.g., Muslim League in Indian context and Quebec separatist endeavors) wrestled with colonial legacies, contesting established imperial delineations or seeking autonomy.
8.6 Newly Independent States
Key Understandings:
- Explain political shifts from c. 1900 to current territorial and demographic phenomena.
- The remapping of political boundaries following the withdrawal of colonial powers birthed new nations, such as Israel and Pakistan.
- Numerous geopolitical alterations incited conflicts and population displacements, highlighted by the Partition of India and Israel’s establishment.
- Post World War II, government roles increasingly shaped economic trajectories within newly-formed nations, seeking developmental pathways (e.g., Gamal Abdel Nasser’s economic initiatives in Egypt).
- The migration of ex-colonized populations to imperial nations often maintained economic and cultural bonds between the former colonies and their metropoles, evident in communities like South Asians in Britain and Filipinos in the U.S.
8.7 Global Resistance to Established Power Structures After 1900
Key Understandings:
- Scrutinize varied reactions toward prevalent power paradigms post-1900.
- Conflict defined a substantial portion of the 20th century; however, numerous individuals and groups, including leading figures, championed opposition to this cycle.
- Individuals like Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela utilized nonviolent tactics to induce political reforms.
- Militaries and state entities often escalated conflicts through reactionary measures, seen in instances like Uganda under Idi Amin.
- Some factions resorted to violence against civilians to fulfill political objectives, as seen with groups like the Shining Path and Al-Qaeda.
8.8 End of the Cold War
Key Understandings:
- Investigate factors culminating in the Cold War's conclusion.
- Advances in U.S. military and technological prowess, the Soviet Union's draining invasion of Afghanistan, along with rising public dissatisfaction and economic difficulties within communist regimes precipitated the Cold War's demise and the Soviet Union’s eventual disintegration.
8.9 Causation in the Age of the Cold War and Decolonization
Key Understandings:
- Clarify the similarities experienced across hemispheres due to Cold War influences.
- Globally, populations and states challenged established political and social systems in varied manners, contributing to unprecedented turmoil during the century.
- Following World War I, aspirations for self-governance persisted largely unmet; yet post-World War II anti-imperialist sentiments contributed to profound state restructurings and colonial dissolutions.
- The Cold War transcended ideological origins, engendering profound socio-economic and cultural ramifications across global events and state functions.
- Responses from states varied amid economic trials during the 20th century, prompting the emergence of international organizations.
UNIT 9: GLOBALIZATION (1900-PRESENT)
9.1 Advances in Technology and Exchange After 1900
Key Understandings:
- Illuminate how technological advancements reshaped the world from 1900 to present.
- Novel communication modes, including radio, cellular technology, and the internet, alongside transportation advancements (e.g., air travel and container shipping), diminished geographical hurdles.
- Energy innovations incorporating petroleum and nuclear resources amplified productivity while facilitating material goods generation.
- More effective birth control methods empowered women over reproductive decisions, altering norms around fertility significantly.
- The Green Revolution, along with commercial agriculture, enhanced productivity and addressed the needs of the increasing global population, transitioning towards chemically and genetically modified agricultural practices.
- Medical breakthroughs like vaccines and antibiotics markedly improved human longevity and survival rates.
9.2 Technological Advances and Limitations After 1900: Disease
Key Understandings:
- Analyze the environmental factors affecting human populations over time.
- Disease patterns and medical advancements profoundly impacted demography worldwide, with persistent diseases tied to poverty (like malaria) coexisting with emergent epidemics (examples include Ebola and HIV/AIDS), often engendering social upheavals.
- Epidemiological shifts reflected increases in old-age associated health issues, such as heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease, attributable to prolonged life expectancy.
9.3 Technological Advances: Debates About the Environment After 1900
Key Understandings:
- Explain the causes and effects of environmental changes from 1900 to present.
- Human activities have precipitated deforestation, desertification, air quality deterioration, and unsustainable consumption of freshwater supplies, propelling resource conflicts.
- Greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants instigated debates regarding environmental policy and climate change.
9.4 Economics in the Global Age
Key Understandings:
- Discuss continuities and changes within the global economy from 1900 to present.
- Accelerated free-market policies emerged post-Cold War, where numerous governments, such as Britain under Margaret Thatcher and China under Deng Xiaoping, integrated liberalizations into their economic frameworks.
- The late 20th century witnessed significant revolutions in information and communication technologies, germinating knowledge economies across nations (notably in Finland, Japan, and the U.S.), while manufacturing relocated predominantly to Asia (e.g., Vietnam and Bangladesh) and Latin America (e.g., Mexico and Honduras).
- The transformation led to changing multinational corporations (e.g., Nestlé) and regional agreements (like NAFTA) reflecting the globalization of free-market principles.
9.5 Calls for Reform and Responses After 1900
Key Understandings:
- Analyze social movements addressing old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion over time.
- Rights advocacy generated discourses that contested traditional notions of race, class, and gender roles, evident via the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, global feminist movements, and the Negritude movement.
- Globally, increased education access and political engagement became more encompassing across race, class, and gender lines, as seen in the waves of universal suffrage, the dismantling of apartheid, and caste reservations in India.
- Movements proliferating across the globe protested stark inequalities arising from environmental and economic ramifications of global amalgamation, as illustrated by figures like Wangari Maathai’s Green Belt Movement in Kenya and the World Fair Trade Organization initiatives.
9.6 Globalized Culture After 1900
Key Understandings:
- Explain how globalization redefined culture over time.
- Political and social transformations of the 20th century catalyzed shifts in artistic expressions, while popular and consumer cultures became increasingly globalized in the latter half, spurred by social media platforms (e.g., Facebook and Twitter).
- The influx of global influences permeated arts and entertainment landscapes, broadly illustrated by Reggae music’s rise and Bollywood cinema.
- Consumer culture transcended national borders, with international brands like Coca-Cola and McDonald’s exemplifying globalized marketplaces.
9.7 Resistance to Globalization After 1900
Key Understandings:
- Evaluate the various forms of resistance against escalating globalization from 1900 to present.
- Responses against cultural and economic globalization emerged in diverse expressions, encompassing activism against the IMF and World Bank and the advent of region-specific social media like Weibo within China.
9.8 Institutions Developing in a Globalized World
Key Understandings:
- Explain how globalization revolutionized state interactions in the international sphere.
- Freshly formed international organizations such as the United Nations emerged with explicit aims of sustaining global peace and fostering cooperation between sovereign states.
9.9 Continuity and Change in a Globalized World
Key Understandings:
- Examine the extent of transformation imparted by science and technology from 1900 onward.