Comprehensive History Notes

Making Sense of Time with the Tripartite of History

Prehistory
- Prior to 3000 BCE, no written records exist.
- Transition from Paleolithic (Nomads) to Neolithic (Farming).
Ancient History (3000 BCE – 500 CE)
- Bronze Age (3000 BCE – 1200 BCE)
- Iron Age (1200 BCE – 600 BCE)
- Classical Antiquity (600 BCE – 500 CE)
Middle Ages (500 – 1500)

Europe

Early Middle Ages (500 CE – 1000 CE)
- Post Fall of Roman Empire.
- Feudalism emerges.
- The Catholic Church rises as a de facto centralized power, filling the void left by the Roman Empire.
High Middle Ages (1000 CE – 1300 CE)
- High point of the Middle Ages.
- Surplus of food leads to population growth and the rise of towns.
Late Middle Ages (1300 – 1500 CE)
- Period marked by disease, war, and famine.

Modern Era (1500 – 2022)

Characterized by:
- Age of Exploration
- Protestant Reformation
- Absolute Monarchs
- Enlightenment
- Revolutions
- Imperialism
- World Wars

Middle East

Golden Age of Islam (600 – 1250 CE)
Mongols (1200 – 1360 CE)
Gunpowder Empires (1500 – 1700 CE)

Asia

Sui Dynasty (581 - 618 CE)
Tang Dynasty (618 – 906 CE)
Song Dynasty (960 – 1279 CE)
Yuan Dynasty – MONGOLS (1279 – 1368)
Ming Dynasty (1368 – 1644)

Key Events and Periods

Disasters of the 14th Century (1300s): A time of significant upheaval and crisis.
Renaissance and Age of Exploration (1400 – 1600): A period of renewed interest in classical learning and global exploration.
Protestant Reformation (1517 – 1648): A major religious movement challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.
Wars of Religion End (1648): The conclusion of religious conflicts that had plagued Europe.
Absolutism (1648 - 1776): A political system where rulers held absolute power.
Age of Reason (1685 – 1815): An era emphasizing reason and individualism.
Scientific Revolution (1543 – 1687): A period of major scientific advancements.
Enlightenment (1685 – 1815): An intellectual and philosophical movement promoting reason and individual rights.
Age of Revolutions (1776 – 1815): A time of significant political and social upheaval, including the American and French Revolutions.
Congress of Vienna (1815): A conference of European powers aiming to restore stability after the Napoleonic Wars.
Nationalist Revolutions (1848): A series of revolts driven by nationalist aspirations.
Age of Imperialism (1880 – 1914): A period of intense colonial expansion by European powers.
WW1 (1914 – 1918): A global conflict with far-reaching consequences.
Great Depression (1929): A severe economic downturn affecting the world.
Rise of Fascism (1929 – 1945): The emergence of authoritarian political ideologies.
WWII (1939 – 1945): Another major global conflict.
Cold War (1945 – 1991): A period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Decolonization (1945 – 1970): The process by which former colonies gained independence.
Fall of USSR (1991): The collapse of the Soviet Union, marking the end of the Cold War.

Monarchs and Consolidating Power (1350 - 1648)

Explain the process in which early monarchs of Europe consolidated their power to be considered Absolute Monarchs?
- 1517: Martin Luther and the 95 Thesis: Start of Protestant Reformation
- 1534: Henry VIII break from Catholic Church and Act of Supremacy
- 1545 – 1563: Council of Trent and Counter or Catholic Reformation
- 1555: Peace of Augsburg
- 1562 – 1598: French Wars of Religion – Edict of Nantes
- 1600: Dutch East India Company Founded
- 1608: Jamestown is founded – British in North America
- 1618 – 1648: 30 Years War – Peace of Westphalia
- 1642 – 1651: English Civil War
- 1643 – 1715: Reign of Louis XIV

Characterizing Historical Periods

Europe
- Dark Age? Consideration of whether the Early Middle Ages constitute a "Dark Age."
- Age of Feudalism?
- Age of Faith?
Middle East
- Golden Age of Islam
China
- Golden Age under Tang and Song Dynasties

Networks of Exchange (c.1200-1450)

Key Locations: BANK TIMBUKTU, GHANA, MALI RODA NETWORKS OF EXCHANGE BANK CONSTANTINOPLE, SAMARKAND, KASHGAR, BAGHDAD, CAIRO BANK BEIJING HANGZHOU MALACCA.
The Silk Roads: Facilitated trade and cultural exchange across Eurasia.
Printed Paper Money: Began in China in 960, spread with the Mongols, and was adopted in Europe by 1661.
Mongol Empire: Facilitated exchange throughout its vast territories.
Indian Ocean Exchange: Involved Swahili, Gujarat, and Malacca.
Transfer of Greco-Islamic Medical Knowledge: Transmitted to Western Europe.
Transfer of "Arabic" Numerals
Trans-Saharan Trade (1200-1456): Connected North and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Compass Use: First used directionally by the Song Dynasty around 1000 CE, reaching Europe by 1200.
Astrolabe: Invented by the Greeks, perfected by Muslims around 900 CE, and reached Europe by 1000.
Diasporic Communities: Resulted from trade and migration.
Cultural Consequences (1200-1450)
- Spread of Religion: Buddhism and Hinduism expanded through trade routes.
- Spread of Technology: Gunpowder and paper spread across regions.
Environmental Consequences (c.1200-1450)
- Bubonic Plague: Originated in the steppe and spread with the Mongols.
- Champa Rice: Fast-growing rice given as tribute to the Song Dynasty in 1000.

Monarchs

Monarchs in the Middle Ages (500 – 1500 CE)
“New Monarchs” (1400 – 1600 CE)
Absolute Monarchs (1500 – 1700 CE)

Transition to the Modern Era (1500 - Present)

Why NOW for the Modern Era?
- $1350$ = Black Death
  - Rise of the Middle Class
  - TAX MONEY for the King
- $1400$ = Age of Exploration Begins
  - MERCANTALISM
  - Original Goal = Spice Islands/India
  - New World = 1492 for Spain/Hapsburgs
  - England, France, Netherlands = Post 1600s
- $1400$ = Renaissance
  - Revival of Classical Antiquity (Greek, Roman, and Biblical)
  - Education begins again since Fall of Rome in 500 CE
- $1455$ = Printing Press
  - Helps revival of Classical Antiquity
  - Biblical takes center stage – bible translated into vernacular language and mass produced
  - People can read the bible for the first time themselves, leads to Protestant Reformation

The Early Christian Church

East-West Schism (1054)
The Reformation (16th Century)
- Eastern Orthodoxy
- Roman Catholicism
- Lutheranism
- Anglicanism
- Protestantism
  - Episcopalian
  - Baptist
  - Methodist
  - Pentecostal
  - Calvinism
  - Presbyterian
  - Reformed
- THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
- Protestant Reformation (1517)

Church losing influence

How is the Church losing its influence both religiously and politically?
- 1517: Martin Luther and the 95 Thesis: Start of Protestant Reformation
- 1534: Henry VIII break from Catholic Church and Act of Supremacy
- 1545 – 1563: Council of Trent and Counter or Catholic Reformation
- 1555: Peace of Augsburg
- 1562 – 1598: French Wars of Religion – Edict of Nantes
- 1618 – 1648: 30 Years War – Peace of Westphalia

Time Period (1648 - 1815)

Absolutism, Age of Reason (Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment), Revolutions, Napoleon
- 1642 – 1651: English Civil War
- 1643 – 1715: Reign of Louis XIV
- 1687: Newton publishes Principia Mathematics (Scientific Revolution)
- 1688: Glorious Revolution and English Bill of Rights
- 1689: Locke publishes Two Treatises on Government (Enlightenment Thought)
- 1756 – 1763: Seven Years War – Treaty of Paris and Hubertusburg
- 1775 – 1783: American Revolution
- 1789 – 1799: French Revolution
  - Third Estate (Prior to 1789)
  - National Assembly (1789 – 1791)
  - Legislative Assembly (1791 – 1792)
  - National Convention (1793 – 1794)
  - Directory (1795 – 1799)
- 1799 – 1815: Napoleonic Era
- 1815: Congress of Vienna/Age of Metternich/Concert of Europe

Absolute Monarchs

Spain: Phillip II the Hapsburg (1598 – 1621)
France: Louis XIV (1610 – 1643)
Russia: Peter Romanov the Great (1682 - 1725)
England: William and Mary of Orange – “Stuarts” (1689 - 1702) - Constitutional Monarchy

History of England (1337 – 1453)

100 Years War (1337 – 1453)
- England vs. France
War of Roses (1455 – 1487)
- Civil War between House of York and Lancaster
House of Tudor (1485 – 1603)
- Henry VII (1485 – 1509) – A ”New Monarch”
  - Father of Henry VIII
- Henry VIII (1509 – 1547) – “Kind of an Absolute Monarch, but not Really”
  - 6 Wives and the Protestant Reformation
- Edward VI (1547 – 1553)
  - 1st male son of Henry VIII with 3rd wife Jane Seymour (Died in Childbirth)
- Mary I (1553 – 1558)
  - Catholic Mary AKA Bloody Mary: Daughter of Henry VIII and wife #1 Catherine of Aragon (Divorced)
- Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603)
  - Protestant: Daughter of Henry VIII and wife # Anne Boleyn (Beheaded)
  - NO KIDS = NO HEIR
- The Stuarts Part 1 ( 1603 – 1649)
  - James I/VI of Scotland ( 1603 – 1625)
    - Cousin of Elizabeth, England, Ireland, and Scotland unified by 1 monarch, Jamestown, Offends Puritans = Plymouth Rock (1620)
  - Charles 1 (1625 – 1649)
    - 30 Years War, Problems with parliament, and ENGLISH CIVIL WAR (1642 – 1649)
- The Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell (1653 – 1658)
  - Strict Military Dictatorship
- The Stuarts Part 2 (1660 – 1685)
  - Charles II (1660 – 1685)
    - No Heir, Catholic Brother

Revolutions to Come

Glorious Revolution in England
- 1689
American Revolution
- 1775 – 1783
French Revolution and Napoleon
- French Revolution = 1789 – 1799
- Napoleon = 1800 – 1815
Spanish Colonies Revolutions
- 1808 – 1833
Russia Revolutions
- 1905 – 1907
- 1917
- 1991

Key Dates of the American and French Revolutions

American Revolution
- 1775 – 1783
US Constitution
- 1788
French Revolution
- 1789 – 1799
Napoleon Bonaparte
- 1799 – 1815
Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain
- 1808 – 1813
King John VI of Portugal Flees to Brazil
- 1808
Restoration of King Ferdinand VII to Spain
- 1814

Key Dates of Revolution and Independence in Latin and South America

Haitian Revolution
- 1791 – 1804
Jose de San Martin (South SA)
- Paraguay (1812), Argentina (1816), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821)
Simon Bolivar (North SA)
- Grand Columbia 1810 – 1819
- Columbia, Venezuela, and Ecuador
Mexican Revolution
- 1810 – 1820
Brazilian Revolution (Portugal)
- 1822 - 1824

King of Spain

Napoleon’s Brother
- The fact that the new King of Spain is French is NOT going to sit well with the creole population
- Felt no loyalty to a French King
- Argued that when a real king was removed, power shifted to the people.
- Sounds like an awful lot like the Enlightenment idea of the SOCIAL CONTRACT

Post Napoleon – WHAT NOW?

Congress of Vienna
- European heads of government were looking to establish long-lasting peace and stability on the continent after the defeat of Napoleon
- Was supposed to last four weeks but went on for EIGHT months
- 5 Great powers (Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France)
- Klemens von Metternich – Foreign Minister of Austria
  - Most Influential at Congress of Vienna
  - Distrusted the democratic ideals of the French Revolution
  - 3 Goals
    - Prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries
    - Restore the balance of power, so no country could be a threat to others
    - Wanted to restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they had before Napoleon’s conquests
- “The first and greatest concern for the immense majority of every nation is the stability of laws – never their change”

Congress of Vienna

HUGE victory for conservatives
Kings and princes resumed power in their countries
Britain and France = Constitutional Monarchies
Russia, Prussia, and Austria are still absolute monarchies
Holy Alliance between Austria, Russia, and Prussia
- Pledged to based their relations with other nations on Christian principles in order to combat the forces of revolution
Despite the Congress of Vienna’s Effort to restore Europe to its old Regimes, it could not turn back the clock.
- Would avoid War among each other but not INTERNALLY

Time Period (1815 - 1918)

Congress of Vienna, Nationalism, Industrial Revolution, Imperialism, World War 1
- 1815: Congress of Vienna/Age of Metternich/Concert of Europe
- 1848: Nationalist Revolutions
- 1848: Marx and Engel publish Communist Manifesto
- 1853 – 1856: Crimean War
- 1861: Czar Alexander II emancipates serfs in Russia
- 1871: Unification of Italy; Unification of Germany
- 1884: Berlin Conference (Scramble for Africa)
- 1905: Russo – Japanese War
- 1905: Bloody Sunday and Russian Revolution and creation of Duma
- 1914 – 1918: World War I and Treaty of Versailles

Bonds That Create a Nation-State

Culture: a shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideals)
History: a common past; common experiences
Religion: a religion shared by all or most of the people
Language: different dialects of one language; one dialect becomes "national language"
Nationality: belief in common ethnic ancestry that may or may not be true
Territory: a certain territory that belongs to the ethnic group; its "land"

Positive and Negative Results of Nationalism

Positive Results
- People within a nation overcoming their differences for the common good
- The overthrow of colonial rule
- Democratic governments in nations throughout the world
- Competition among nations spurring scientific and technological advances
Negative Results
- Forced assimilation of minority cultures into a nation's majority culture
- Ethnic cleansing, such as in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s
- The rise of extreme nationalistic movements, such as Nazism
- Competition between nations leading to warfare

Russia

Kievan Rus (862 - 1242)
- Start of a centralized power in Russia
- Maybe Vikings
Mongol Golden Horde (1240 - 1502)
Kingdom of Moscow (1470 – 1584)
- Ivan III Of Moscow (1462 - 1505)
- Vasily III Ivanovich (1505 - 1533)
- Ivan IV, the Terrible (1533 - 1584)
  - in 1547 declares himself Czar of Russia
  - Ivan the Terribles dumb son takes over and dies without an heir
  - Time of Troubles - no clear heir
  - 1613 Russian representatives from cities meet and decide that Michael Romanov (grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible’s wife, Anastasia
Romanov Dynasty (1613 - 1917)
- Peter the Great
Russia in the 1800s
- Help defeat Napoleon – Congress of Vienna 1800
- Decemberist Revolt (1825)
- Crimean War (1853 1856) Japan

Japan

Early Japan (200 – 700 CE)
Imperial Japan (700 – 1200 CE)
- Emperor in Charge
- Shoguns
Kamakura Shogunate (1192 – 1333)
Ashikaga Shogunate (1336 – 1573)
Tokugawa Shogunate (1603 – 1868)
- 1853 – US Commodore Matthew Perry
Meiji Restoration (1868)
- Carter Oath to Constitutional Monarchy
- https://www.britannica.com/event/Charter-Oath
- Industrialization
- Russo Japanese War (1904)
- World Power, Control of Korea

Industrial Revolutions

Revolution = CHANGE
- 1st Industrial Revolution (1765)
  - COAL and STEAM
- 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870)
  - Electricity, gas, and oil
- 3rd Industrial Revolution (1969)
  - Nuclear and Electronics
- 4th Industrial Revolution (2000)
  - Internet and Renewable Energy
  - Wind, Geothermal, digital technology

Economic Systems

Traditional Economy
- (Subsistence agriculture farmers grow enough for their family
Command Economy
- Communism
- Government Control and Ownership of All Means of Production
Mixed Economy
- Socialism
- Government Control of Major Means of Production (land and/or natural resources
Free Market/Free Enterprise Economy
- Capitalism
- Low degree of government control with Little to No Ownership of the Means of Production

Causes of World War I - MANIA

Militarism - policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war
Alliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another
Nationalism – pride in or devotion to one's country
Imperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically
Assassination - murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty Signed; War Over
REPARATIONS $55,000,000,000$
Treaty of Versailles and Problems that Remain

Time Period (1914 - Present)

Treaty of Versailles, Russian Revolution, Great Depression, World War II, Cold War, War on Terror
- 1914 – 1918: World War I and Treaty of Versailles
- 1917: Russian Communist Revolution
- 1917 – 1922: Russian Civil War
- 1922: March on Rome, Mussolini becomes fascist dictator of Italy
- 1929: Stock Market Crash and Start of Great Depression
- 1938: Munich Conference
- 1939 – 1945: World War II
- 1945: United Nations Established
- 1949: China falls to Communism; East and West Germany; NATO forms
- 1950 – 1953: Korean War
- 1957: Sputnik is launched by the USSR
- 1961: Construction begins on the Berlin Wall
- 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
- 1969: USA Moon Landing
- 1975: Vietnam falls to Communism
- 1989: Collapse of the Berlin Wall
- 1991: Breakup of the Soviet Union
- 2001 – 2021: War in Afghanistan
- 203 – 2011: War in Iraq

Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

Why did the Bolshevik Revolution Happen?
- Embarrassing losses
  - Crimean War, Russo-Japanese, and NOW World War 1
- Troubles with industrialization
  - Lack of Industrialization leads to failures in war
  - Switch from an agarin to industrial economy is NOT a smooth transition
  - Labor Strikes and resentment
- Oppressive Rule of the Romanov Czar
  - Secret Police, Stopping Revolutions
  - RASPUTIN!
- Influence of Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto
  - COMMMUNISM BABY!!!!
  - Growing by the day with resentment towards the Czars and industrialization Losing Wars Lack of Industrialization Problems with Industrialization Oppression of The Czars Communism

Germany and the Weimar Republic - 1919

Weak from the Start
- Lacked a strong democratic tradition, coalition government (many political parties), Resentment against the Weimar Republic for accepting the Treaty of Versailles
Inflation
- In order to pay for the enormous cost of the war and reparations owed, Germany PRINTED MONEY
- Bread
  - In 1918 = 0.5 Marks
  - In 1922 =160 Marks
  - 1923 = 200 billion Marks
- US to the Rescue with the Dawes Plan
  - 200 million loan to stabilize German currency, slow inflation, and strengthen its economy
  - Set more realistic schedule for Germany’s reparation payments
  - By 1929, German Factories were producing as much as they had before the war
- Kellogg-Briand Pact
  - Treaty signed that France and Germany would never again make war against each other

USA: Roaring but Flawed

Weaknesses of the US Economy
- Uneven distribution of wealth, OVERPRODUCTION by business and agriculture, and Americans begin to buy less
- By 1929, American factories were turning out nearly half of the world's industrial goods
- Richest 5% of population received 33% of all income in 1929
- 60% of Families earned less than $2,000$ a year
Downward Economic Cycle
- 60% of Families earned less than $2,000$ a year
- Most families were too poor to buy the goods being over produced
- Unable to sell their goods, store owners eventually cut back their orders from factories
- Factories then reduced production and laid of workers
- This hurt Farmers as well!
- Leads to storages in food

The Ripple Effect: A Global Depression

The collapse of the American economy sent shock waves around the world
- Ruins Dawes Plan, American bankers demanded repayment of their overseas loans, High Tariffs which slowed traded, and American investors withdrew their money from Europe
- Germany and Austria hit the hardest
- In 1931, Austria’s largest bank failed
- In Asia, both farmers and urban workers suffered as the value of exports fell
- Demand for goods overseas drops prices of sugar, beef, copper in Latin America

Ideologies

MARXISM
FASCISM
TOTALITARIANISM

Characteristics of Fascism

Cultural
- censorship
- indoctrination
- secret police
Social
- supported by middle class, industrialists, and military
Economic
- economic functions controlled by state corporations or state
Political
- nationalist
- racist (Nazism)
- one-party rule
- supreme leader
Basic Principles
- authoritarianism
- state more important than the individual
- charismatic leader
- action oriented

World War II

We Can Do It!

Cold War

1945-1989
The Division of Germany
- This map shows the division of Germany, as well as the division of the City of Berlin into four military zones. Note that the location of West Berlin leaves it surrounded on all sides by Cold War enemies.

Cold War Hot Spots

CHINA
NORTH KOREA
VIETNAM

Cold War Overview

Origins (1945 – 1950)
- Partition of Germany (1945), Development of NATO (1949), USSR develops Atomic Bomb (1949), and China falls to Communism (1949)
1950s
- Korean War (1950 – 1953), McCarthyism (1950 – 1954), Sputnik – 1st USSR Satellite in Space
1960s
- Cuban Missile Crisis, Reduction in Arms
1970s
- Vietnam War (1945 – 1975), Vietnam Falls to Communism (1976), Détente
1980s
- Decline of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev (1985 – 1991), Perestroika (1985), Glasnost (1986), Berlin Fall Falls (1989), and Collapse of the Soviet Union (12/25/1991)

Decline of the Soviet Union

Berlin Wall = 1989 & Collapse of USSR = 12/25/1991 Gorbachev (1985 – 1991) Perestroika (1985) Glasnost (1986)
- Different than former Soviet Leaders – realized that the USSR needed to change
- Duality of Gorbachev
  - Liked By: USA – Reagan, Citizens of the USSR and Satellite States longing for freedoms and economic hope
  - Disliked By: USSR Hardliners that believed Gorbachev was too soft and weaking the USSR
- Restructuring of the Communist Soviet Economy
  - Introduction of elements of Capitalism (Private Business)
- Openness
  - Designed to reduce corruption, loosen restrictions on media, and allow more freedom of expression, speech, and association

War on Terror

War on Terror
Afghanistan (2001 - 2021) and Iraq (2003 – 2011) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrEXibbXqUs

Overview of the War in Afghanistan (2001 – 2021)

Government = Taliban
Terrorist Organization = Al Qaeda
Goal
- Topple Taliban
2 Replace Taliban with a US Backed Democracy
- (Will be the most difficult challenge for the US in Afghanistan)
Remove Al Qaeda
Outcome
- 20 Year War that ends with the Taliban regaining control of Afghanistan on August 20th, 2021

Overview of the War in Iraq (2003 – 2011)

Government
- Saddam Hussein and the Ba’ath Party
Goal
- Topple Saddam Hussein’s Dictatorship
- Replace Saddam with a US Backed Democracy
  - (Will be the most difficult challenge for the US in Iraq)
- Remove WMDs
Outcome
- No WMDS Found, Political Instability Caused by War Leads to Civil War and Rise of ISIS, 1 of the USA’s Most Controversial Wars