Methodologies

Experiments - research to establish a cause and effect between variables by manipulating one or more independent variables to see its effect on a dependent variable

Quasi-experiment - pre-existent IV

Participant observation - researcher participates in observation

Non-participant observation - researcher observes without participation

Content analysis - indirect observational studies via secondary research

Case studies - in-depth study of individual with atypical behaviour

Brain scans - empirical evidence of brain activity (e.g. Raine)

Longitudinal studies - studies done over a long period of time

Cross-sectional studies - studies done on a population at a single point in time

Self-reports - participants report their own behaviour (e.g. via questions)

quantitative - numerical and objective data

qualitative - wordy data

primary sources - first hand research

secondary sources - previous research