IB History SL Study Guide

Wow this is so amazing

Paper 1

Japan

Summary:
Japan was very nationalist and militaristic. They also were very isolated and didn’t like other countries. The daimyo begin to fight, and the Tokugawa family (Tokugawa Shogunate) emerges. Everything was fine and dandy, until America popped in in 1853 (Treaty of Kanagawa) and said we’ll be back in a year to trade, so you better get ready. Essentially, people thought the Tokugawa shogunate had failed at protecting japan, say bye-bye to them. In comes Emperor Meiji, who ruled form 1867 for 45 years. The Meiji Restoration was focused on Industrialization and growing the economy.

Japan and China…

  •  Nationalism

    • strong identification with culture and history/cultural heritage

    • supports to the detriment of other nations

    • leads to Nation-State

      • Nation: share a language and a culture

      • State: centralized government with distinct territory

    • major driving force of 1800/1900s politics (MAIN)

      • Italy, Germany, Africa/Imperialism, WWI/WW2

  • Militarism

    • glorifying military powers

    • keeping standing army

      • could protect our own interests

  • Causes of nationalism:

    • 1. unequal US treaties

    • 2. Meiji Restoration

    • 3. Throwing off Asia/duty to ‘protect’ Asia

  • History: Feudal society

    • Emperor: figure head

    • Shogun: real leader

    • Daimyo: regional lords

      • Daimyo begin to fight for some reason, and the Tokugawa family emerged

        • Ieyasu Tokugawa was the first one

  • Tokugawa Shogunate: tightly ordered society

  • Here comes… Commodore Perry

    • with black ships, asked Japan to allow free trade with America

    • said he would be back in a year

    • he comes back in 1854

  • Treaty of Kanagawa, 1854: Opened ports for fueling, granted America the “most favored nation” status

  • Ultimately, Tokugawa family seen as a failure for failing to keep America out, so then the Tokugawa Shogunate is gone

  • now we have… Emperor Meiji

  • Meiji Era (1867-1912)

    • wanted to industrialize and modernize Japan

      • prevent Japan from being taken over by America (Nationalism)

      • Increase military strength (Militarism)

  • Meiji Constitution (1889): special elite group

    • created Diet/parliament

      • House of Reps & House of Peers

  • Shintoism

    • emphasized Emperor’s divine origins

Italy

Summary: Italy was veryyyyy divided in separate regions. One might call it anti-nationalism. They unified 1861, but there was still a HUGE north and south divide. It was viewed as “Piedmontese (Piedmont-Sardinia was state leading unification) expansionism”. This division (lack of national identity) as well as upset from WW1, led to Mussolini’s rise, along with Economic/political divide. Liberal Italy was the period from 1870-1923, with a parliamentary monarchy, senate, and chamber. Remember, stereotype!! North was industrializing, south was peasantry.

Germany

Paper 2

Causes & Effects of 20th Century Wars

Chinese Civil War

Summary: Doing bad in 1800s. Opium Wars, Taiping Rebellion. China chopped up by European powers & Japan. People upset. Emperor dies, kid comes into power, they decide to increase taxation and it makes people even more upset. Finally get a revolution October 1911 (Double Tenth Revolution), Dr. Sun Yat-sen asked to become President, instead Yuan Shikai, former military leader, takes control (—> Military Dictatorship). Dr Sun Yat-sen wants to move the capital, falls out with Shikai. Yat-sen tries to start a revolution, but fails and flees to Japan. Shikai tries to gain more power and declare himself Emperor, but he fails and then steps down/dies. This leads to a Warlord Era

  • Long Term Causes

    • Socio-economic factors

      • large peasant population

        • people are unsatisfied

        • starvation, droughts, floods

        • not enough food

    • Political Weakness

      • Chinese empire portrayed as weak due to:

        • failure in Opium Wars

        • unequal treaties

        • Qing dynasty weak

      • Taiping Rebellion: Rebellion against Qing dynasty, failed but represented weakness

      • Money didn’t reach central government

        • inflation, corruption

    • Foreign influences

      • again, Opium Wars created instability and unrest

      • dividing of China by European powers

    • Qing Dynasty Failure

      • 2-year old takes control (Pu Yi)

      • Increased taxation

    • Double Tenth Rebellion, October 1911

      • Small regional armies overthrow central government

      • Dr. Sun Yat-sen asked to become president

        • almost like a Social democrat, kind of power-to-the-people

        • Yuan Shikai actually becomes President

          • Former military leader? —> Military dictatorship

      • February 1912, Pu Yi abdicates the throne

  • Yuan Shikai

    • Established Guomindang (GMD - Chinese Nationalist Party)

    • Establishes 3 principles

      • Nationalism

      • Democracy

      • People’s Livelihood (Socialism)

        • Peace… land… bread… Lenin flashbacks

  • Dr. Sun Yat-sen wants to move capital from Beijing (Yuan army area) to Nanjing (GMD area)

    • Yuan says no, has the military power to prevent him

    • Yat-sen tries to start a 1913 Revolution

      • fails

        • flees to Japan

      • Yuan tries to centralize power after this

        • establishes himself as Dictator 1916

          • military & leaders stop supporting him

  • Yuan steps down/dies —> Warlord Era

    • 2 Warlord divisions

      • Pre-1920

        • conservative

      • After-1920

        • opportunist military commanders

  • May 4th Movement begins (1919)

    • students begin protesting against warlords

      • result of Treaty of Versailles

        • Shandong province (?)

      • realize they need to revolt

  • Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 inspires Chinese

    • Marxism/Communism translated into Mandarin at this time

    • Soviets invest in GMD

  • CCP (Chinese Communist Party) emerges

    • set up in 1921

    • mainly intellectuals, no military

  • GMD had force, CCP had brains —> unification

  • 1922, they form the First United Front to defeat the warlords

  • something something here idk what happened with the beginning of Chiang, study this

  • Chiang Kai-Shek & GMD, along with communists, begin to crush warlords

    • supported by Russia

  • United Front is successful!

  • GMD is officially the legitimate government of China, and sets up government in Nanking

  • Chiang Kai-Shek turns on the communists

    • war on Communism

      • goes until 1949

      • “White Terror”

        • Go after Shanghai because it had a large labor union

      • April 11th, 1927 - Labor leader killed

        • 5-10k communists killed

          • Shanghai Massacre

      • Communists respond with the “Autumn Harvest Uprising

        • failed with 300k lives lost

          • Stalin encouraged uprising in other places like Guangzhou

  • CCP almost crushed

    • Jiangxi was communist central

      • becomes now known as Jiangxi Soviet, was the communist hideout

      • finally believed they could no longer cooperate with the GMD

  • Why peasants?

    • We can’t focus on traditional Marxist ideology, 88% of population lived in rural regions - workforce of approximatley 259 million

      • “The peasants are the sea; we are the fish. The sea is our habitat”

      • No longer proletariat, puts him at odds with other CCP members

        • however successful peasant recruitment helps his case

  • GO BACK AND TAKE NOTES ON INTERNAL FACTIONISM

  • Encirclement Campaigns

    • Chiang tries to attack communist areas

      • surround Jiangxi soviet and use troop numberes

      • Communist strategy was mobility and guerrila tactics

        • Mao is successful

      • “The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy halts, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue.”

    • By the 5th GMD campaign against Jiangxi, the CCP decides to let 28 bolshevik college kids, and they “stand and fight” —> fail

      • By Sept 1934, they realize they need to leave Jiangxi peninsula

      • Long March to Yan’an city

        • They realize Mao is right, put him in charge of Red Army - fast guerrila warfare to get all the way over to Yan’an

          • CCP survives

          • Mao looks legitimate

          • however they went from 100k soldiers to 7k

  • The long march:

    • established mao

    • functioned as propaganda

    • allowed CCP to survive

    • allowed relocation

    • allowed shift to peasant revolution

  • Encirclement campaigns: (1931-1934)

    • Mukden Incident 1931

      • Invasion of Manchuria

    • Mao is moving up north

    • “I march up north to deal with Japan, I am a nationalist”

    • Chiang Kai-Shek moves after Mao

      • stupid of him

  • Mao set up base areas, to indoctrinate peasants

    • educate them in communist ideology

  • Led to Organizational phase

    • designed to slowly grow troops and numbers

  • Then, seizing power phase

    • guerrilla units combined to form 1 large conventional army

  • Chiang Kai-Shek tries to resist Japanese, fails - signs truce

  • Mao wants to establish Second United Front to fight the Japanese

    • Second United Front (April 1937) included:

      • Mao

      • Chiang (kidnapped & forced to go)

      • Zhang Xueliang

  • Japan responded with Marco Polo Bridge Incident (July 1937)

    • GMD shown as weak

    • CCP shown as strong

  • “70-20-10”

    • 70% expansion

    • 20% GMD

    • 10% Japan

  • Mao begins to go after people in his party

Russian Civil War

Summary: Communism arose as a result of the Industrial Revolution, which created vast inequality. Alexander II’s increasing freedoms (Reform on Education), let previously uneducated peasants read the works of the men who would lead the 1917 revolution. Alexander III begins to undo the reforms that Alexander II ahd made(Russification and Statute of State Security); however, there was still moderate economic growth due to Sergei Witte and Nikolai von Bunge (500% steel and iron production increase between 1887 and 1900)

Summary: The Russian Civil War was a battle between the Whites (Anti-Bolsheviks) and the Bolsheviks protesting the Bolshevik-led Russian Revolution. The political incompatibility

  • Over 80% of the population was peasants as per the 1897 Census

    • Serfs

      • legally bound to work on the land

  • Romanov was ruling family

  • Czar Alexander II, who ruled until 1881, tried to make reforms but failed

  • First reform: Emancipation of serfs (1861)

    • They needed to make “redemption payments” until 1910

      • they didn’t have full freedom

  • Second reform: Establishment of Zemstvos(rural) and duma(urban)

    • gave people a taste of voice in local government

  • Third reform: Judicial changes

    • introduced trial by jury

      • let liberal ideas fester

  • Fourth reform: Education reform

    • increased literary rates, increased access to previously banned books.

  • Overall: Alexander II’s increasing freedoms (Reform on Education), let previously uneducated peasants read the works of the men who would lead the 1917 revolution.

  • Czar Alexander III succeeded his father, and immediately halted reforms

    • First reform: Okhrana (secret police)

      • Established the Statute of State Security

        • enabled banning of meetings and increased arrests

    • Second reform: Russification

      • forcibly assimilated ethnic minorities into the larger Russian group

      • alienated ethnic groups and led them to support revolution

    • Third reform(GOOD): Nikolai von Bunge (1880s) and Sergei Witte finance minister established banking, credit, tax system

      • iron, steel increased by 500% between 1887 and 1900

    • Fourth reform(GOOD): Development of the Trans-Siberian Railway by Sergei Witte

      • allowed for increased production

        • however, the peasants had increased taxes which was bad

    • Overall: Alexander III begins to undo the reforms that Alexander II ahd made(Russification and Statute of State Security); however, there was still moderate economic growth due to Sergei Witte and Nikolai von Bunge (500% steel and iron production increase between 1887 and 1900)

  • Alexander III dies in 1894, Nicholas II comes into power

    • Nicholas II did not command power well enough to be an autocrat

  • Social Democrats formed in 1898

    1. Mensheviks = moderate

      • wanted broad support

    2. Bolsheviks = radical

      • small number of revolutionaries

        • Vladimir Lenin

    3. Social Revolutionaries also formed (1901)

      • focused on the peasantry, and redistributing land

        • however, split by factionalism

    4. Constitutional Democrats (Kadets) (1905)

      • develop a reformed monarchy with power limitations

    5. Octobrists (1905)

      1. POWER TO CZAR

  • Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

  • Overall: “Russia went through a 1905 revolution that was quelled"

  • Czar Nicholas II roped Russia into WW1

    • they were not prepared

    • OUTDATED TECHNOLOGY

      • inefficient transport system

      • old bayonets and cavalry

  • Weakness of Czarist state: RASPUTIN

CAUSES OF FEBRUARY REVOLUTION:

  1. WW1 Failure

  2. Local governments

  3. Not prepared for long war

  4. Inflation

    1. incomes doubled, fuel & food quadrupled

  • Strike at Petrograd

  • February 23rd, 1917 - International Women’s Day strike

  • Czar nicholas attempted to go to petrograd to “calm down the situation”

    • he is dissuaded from doing this, and abdicates March 2nd 1917

  • Provisional government established

    • Cadet/constitutional democrat leader Georgy Lvov is the chairman

  • Socialists don’t like this, they form a rival body, the Petrograd Soviet

    • was more radical

    • Leon Trotsky was the leader May 1917, eventually Chairman by September

  • Dual power period

Issues with the Provisional Government:
1. they weren’t elected, it was supposed to be transitional
2. internal divisions (socialists and liberals)
3. emerged from Duma, which was “manipulated and untrustworty
4. Only governmental power(Petrograd Soviet had real power)
5. They passed free speech & anti-secretpolice legislation
IMPORTANT: “Order Number 1” (March 1917)

  • Declared to everyone, “We’re only going to listen to the Provisional Government if it aligns with our goals”

    • undermined them

    • the mililtary liked this because the petrograd soviet gave them a voice

  • Now, what about the peasants and the land?

    • The peasants had expected to get land after the February revolt. When they didn’t, they seized it.

    • Provisional government lost support of the peasants

      • they were landowners and wanted to keep land

  • Lenin had previously been exiled; he returned in 1917.

  • Provisional Government wanted to remain in WW1 because they would lose foreign support (FP) and increase nationalism

    • soldier’s loyalty declined

  • Petrograd Soviet directly opposed war continuation

  • Kerensky (minister of war) created “Kerensky Offensive” (1917) - drastic defeat by Germany, 60k soldiers lost

Lenin

Rise

Consolidation

Stalin

Consolidation

Rule

Rise

Consolidation

Rule

Mao

Rise

Rise started with Long March… then Rectification Campaigns begin… ends October 1st 1949

Consolidation

  • Although the victory in October, 1949 was successful, Mao still faced opposition (intranationally and internationally)

    • collectivization

  • going after bourgeois, expecting further revolution

    • hope for positivity

  • unfortunately lead to death

  • ORGANIC LAW 1949-1954

    • copy paste soviet union STUDYYYY

    • national party congress —> central committee —> politboro

      • Soviet was 7-9 for politboro

      • Chinese was ~25, but 7 were “standing committee”

    • Central People’s Government Council established

      • Mao was the Chairman

  • Constitution introduced in 1954

    • National People’s Congress (DIFFERENT FROM NATIONAL PARTY CONGRESS(CCP))

  • operates on lenin’s Democractic Centralism

    • all communists were revolutionaries, BUT only the leaders can reallyyyy lead, so you need to accept that Mao is the true leader

  • religion is a threat - you are loyal to the state

    • Buddhists in Tibet

    • (Dalai Lama

  • Soviet controlled Mongolia, which was next to Xinjiang

    • Mao was afraid that Soviets would take over Xinjiang

      • Xinjiang also had Muslims… religion was a threat

  • Censorship and propaganda

    • elimination of nwespaper businesses

      • self-censorship

      • part of a national transformation

    • Dikotter - “By the end of 1952, vitrually every student of teacher was a loyal servant of the state”

  • “Thought Reform (1951-1952)”

    • re'-educating people

      • struggle sessions (public humiliation)
        forced to write confessions

  • Mao wasn’t as “gulag gulag gulag” as stalin was

  • Method to ensure conformity: Labeling (social credit system)
        Good, mediocre, or bad person

Rule