IB History SL Study Guide
Wow this is so amazing
Paper 1
Japan
Summary:
Japan was very nationalist and militaristic. They also were very isolated and didn’t like other countries. The daimyo begin to fight, and the Tokugawa family (Tokugawa Shogunate) emerges. Everything was fine and dandy, until America popped in in 1853 (Treaty of Kanagawa) and said we’ll be back in a year to trade, so you better get ready. Essentially, people thought the Tokugawa shogunate had failed at protecting japan, say bye-bye to them. In comes Emperor Meiji, who ruled form 1867 for 45 years. The Meiji Restoration was focused on Industrialization and growing the economy.
Japan and China…
Nationalism
strong identification with culture and history/cultural heritage
supports to the detriment of other nations
leads to Nation-State
Nation: share a language and a culture
State: centralized government with distinct territory
major driving force of 1800/1900s politics (MAIN)
Italy, Germany, Africa/Imperialism, WWI/WW2
Militarism
glorifying military powers
keeping standing army
could protect our own interests
Causes of nationalism:
1. unequal US treaties
2. Meiji Restoration
3. Throwing off Asia/duty to ‘protect’ Asia
History: Feudal society
Emperor: figure head
Shogun: real leader
Daimyo: regional lords
Daimyo begin to fight for some reason, and the Tokugawa family emerged
Ieyasu Tokugawa was the first one
Tokugawa Shogunate: tightly ordered society
Here comes… Commodore Perry
with black ships, asked Japan to allow free trade with America
said he would be back in a year
he comes back in 1854
Treaty of Kanagawa, 1854: Opened ports for fueling, granted America the “most favored nation” status
Ultimately, Tokugawa family seen as a failure for failing to keep America out, so then the Tokugawa Shogunate is gone
now we have… Emperor Meiji
Meiji Era (1867-1912)
wanted to industrialize and modernize Japan
prevent Japan from being taken over by America (Nationalism)
Increase military strength (Militarism)
Meiji Constitution (1889): special elite group
created Diet/parliament
House of Reps & House of Peers
Shintoism
emphasized Emperor’s divine origins
Italy
Germany
Paper 2
Causes & Effects of 20th Century Wars
Chinese Civil War
Summary: Doing bad in 1800s. Opium Wars, Taiping Rebellion. China chopped up by European powers & Japan. People upset. Emperor dies, kid comes into power, they decide to increase taxation and it makes people even more upset. Finally get a revolution October 1911 (Double Tenth Revolution), Dr. Sun Yat-sen asked to become President, instead Yuan Shikai, former military leader, takes control (—> Military Dictatorship). Dr Sun Yat-sen wants to move the capital, falls out with Shikai. Yat-sen tries to start a revolution, but fails and flees to Japan. Shikai tries to gain more power and declare himself Emperor, but he fails and then steps down/dies. This leads to a Warlord Era
Long Term Causes
Socio-economic factors
large peasant population
people are unsatisfied
starvation, droughts, floods
not enough food
Political Weakness
Chinese empire portrayed as weak due to:
failure in Opium Wars
unequal treaties
Qing dynasty weak
Taiping Rebellion: Rebellion against Qing dynasty, failed but represented weakness
Money didn’t reach central government
inflation, corruption
Foreign influences
again, Opium Wars created instability and unrest
dividing of China by European powers
Qing Dynasty Failure
2-year old takes control (Pu Yi)
Increased taxation
Double Tenth Rebellion, October 1911
Small regional armies overthrow central government
Dr. Sun Yat-sen asked to become president
almost like a Social democrat, kind of power-to-the-people
Yuan Shikai actually becomes President
Former military leader? —> Military dictatorship
February 1912, Pu Yi abdicates the throne
Yuan Shikai
Established Guomindang (GMD - Chinese Nationalist Party)
Establishes 3 principles
Nationalism
Democracy
People’s Livelihood (Socialism)
Peace… land… bread… Lenin flashbacks
Dr. Sun Yat-sen wants to move capital from Beijing (Yuan army area) to Nanjing (GMD area)
Yuan says no, has the military power to prevent him
Yat-sen tries to start a 1913 Revolution
fails
flees to Japan
Yuan tries to centralize power after this
establishes himself as Dictator 1916
military & leaders stop supporting him
Yuan steps down/dies —> Warlord Era
2 Warlord divisions
Pre-1920
conservative
After-1920
opportunist military commanders
May 4th Movement begins (1919)
students begin protesting against warlords
result of Treaty of Versailles
Shandong province (?)
realize they need to revolt
Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 inspires Chinese
Marxism/Communism translated into Mandarin at this time
Soviets invest in GMD
CCP (Chinese Communist Party) emerges
set up in 1921
mainly intellectuals, no military
GMD had force, CCP had brains —> unification
1922, they form the First United Front to defeat the warlords
something something here idk what happened with the beginning of Chiang, study this
Chiang Kai-Shek & GMD, along with communists, begin to crush warlords
supported by Russia
United Front is successful!
GMD is officially the legitimate government of China, and sets up government in Nanking
Chiang Kai-Shek turns on the communists
war on Communism
goes until 1949
“White Terror”
Go after Shanghai because it had a large labor union
April 11th, 1927 - Labor leader killed
5-10k communists killed
Shanghai Massacre
Communists respond with the “Autumn Harvest Uprising
failed with 300k lives lost
Stalin encouraged uprising in other places like Guangzhou
CCP almost crushed
Jiangxi was communist central
becomes now known as Jiangxi Soviet, was the communist hideout
finally believed they could no longer cooperate with the GMD
Why peasants?
We can’t focus on traditional Marxist ideology, 88% of population lived in rural regions - workforce of approximatley 259 million
“The peasants are the sea; we are the fish. The sea is our habitat”
No longer proletariat, puts him at odds with other CCP members
however successful peasant recruitment helps his case
GO BACK AND TAKE NOTES ON INTERNAL FACTIONISM
Encirclement Campaigns
Chiang tries to attack communist areas
surround Jiangxi soviet and use troop numberes
Communist strategy was mobility and guerrila tactics
Mao is successful
“The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy halts, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue.”
By the 5th GMD campaign against Jiangxi, the CCP decides to let 28 bolshevik college kids, and they “stand and fight” —> fail
By Sept 1934, they realize they need to leave Jiangxi peninsula
Long March to Yan’an city
They realize Mao is right, put him in charge of Red Army - fast guerrila warfare to get all the way over to Yan’an
CCP survives
Mao looks legitimate
however they went from 100k soldiers to 7k
The long march:
established mao
functioned as propaganda
allowed CCP to survive
allowed relocation
allowed shift to peasant revolution
Encirclement campaigns: (1931-1934)
Mukden Incident 1931
Invasion of Manchuria
Mao is moving up north
“I march up north to deal with Japan, I am a nationalist”
Chiang Kai-Shek moves after Mao
stupid of him
Mao set up base areas, to indoctrinate peasants
educate them in communist ideology
Led to Organizational phase
designed to slowly grow troops and numbers
Then, seizing power phase
guerrilla units combined to form 1 large conventional army
Chiang Kai-Shek tries to resist Japanese, fails - signs truce
Mao wants to establish Second United Front to fight the Japanese
Second United Front (April 1937) included:
Mao
Chiang (kidnapped & forced to go)
Zhang Xueliang
Japan responded with Marco Polo Bridge Incident (July 1937)
GMD shown as weak
CCP shown as strong
“70-20-10”
70% expansion
20% GMD
10% Japan
Mao begins to go after people in his party
Russian Civil War
Summary: The Russian Civil War was a battle between the Whites (Anti-Bolsheviks) and the Bolsheviks protesting the Bolshevik-led Russian Revolution. The political incompatibility
Lenin
Rise
Consolidation
Stalin
Consolidation
Rule
Rise
Consolidation
Rule
Mao
Rise
Rise started with Long March… then Rectification Campaigns begin… ends October 1st 1949