miss hazha ..general chemistry
Page 1
General Chemistry Course: PHAR 111 1st Semester (Fall Semester) 2023-2024
Instructor: Dr. Hazha Omar Othman
Contact Emails: hazha.omer@tiu.edu.iq, hazha.othman@su.edu.krd
Page 2: Importance of Chemistry
Chemistry is the science of matter's composition, structure, properties, and reactions.
Key areas in pharmacy:
Understanding drug structures and properties
Drug design and synthetic chemistry
Drug formulation/compounding
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism
Page 3: Chemistry as a Foundation
Chemistry is vital for pharmacy education and pharmaceutical roles:
Drug design and development
Manufacturing and quality control
Mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses.
Page 4: Overview of Chemistry
Termed "The Central Science" in relation to physical sciences and pharmaceutical practice.
Page 5: Branches of Chemistry
Various fields covered:
Organic, Physical, Inorganic, Polymer, Industrial, Analytical, Biochemistry, Environmental, Agricultural, and others.
Page 6: Types of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis: A + B → AB
Decomposition: AB → A + B
Single Replacement: AB + C → AC + B
Double Replacement: AB + CD → AC + BD
Page 7: Chemistry for Health
Critical for global health:
Used in diagnostics and treatments (e.g., toothaches, headaches).
Advances our understanding of the human body and health interventions.
Page 8: Composition of Life
Life consists of chemical structures:
70-90% water
Organisms made of sugars, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
Page 9: Chemistry of Life
All life forms composed of organic substances, starting from nucleotides.
Nucleotides are fundamental for heredity and species continuation.
Page 10: Role of Chemistry in Pharmacy
Essential for pharmaceutical advances and understanding diseases.
Page 11: Drugs and Chemistry
Drugs are primarily organic molecules.
Page 12: Example: Aspirin
Aspirin: Acetyl salicylic acid.
Page 14: Sources of Drug Molecules
Natural: E.g., morphine from Poppy plant.
Synthetic: E.g., acetaminophen.
Semi-synthetic: E.g., semi-synthetic penicillins.
Page 15: Drug Development Steps
Chemistry is crucial in:
Pre-formulation and formulation studies.
Identifying drugs’ physical properties, e.g., solubility.
Page 17: Physicochemical Properties of Drugs
A drug’s pharmacological response depends on its physicochemical properties.
Page 18: Physical State of Drugs
Influences the formulation and delivery of drugs (solid, liquid, gas).
Page 20: Melting & Boiling Points
Melting point: Temperature where solid transitions to liquid.
Boiling point: Temperature where vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
Page 28: Polarity
Polarity influences boiling/melting points, solubility, and intermolecular interactions.
Page 32: Solubility
Amount of solute dissolving in a solvent under specific conditions.
Solvation process involves interaction between solute and solvent.
Page 35: Factors Affecting Solubility
Intermolecular forces
Temperature
Particle size
Stirring
pH of solution
Page 37: Acid-Base Properties
Aspirin's acidic nature can result in stomach bleeding; hydrolyzed to salicylic acid.
Page 44: Bronsted-Lowry Theory
Acids: Proton donors. Bases: Proton acceptors.
Page 47: Properties of Organic Functional Groups
Functional groups determine acidity/basicity and behavior in reactions.
Page 58: Buffers in Chemistry
A buffer maintains pH stability even with added acids/bases; vital in blood.
Page 59: pH Range in Human Cells
Cells survive within a pH of 7.4; fluctuations can harm enzyme functions.