History

Gallipolli Campaign There for 9 months, series of battles, came 1915 april 25 Knock Turkey out of the War Get control of Dardanelle Strait to get to Instanbul easier Fight Germany on Eastern Front through Russia, to stop stalemate on Western Front Support Russia with trade Fails and allies retreat, go to another area such as western front ANZAC Legend Story by Charles Bean, journalist at Gallipolli Writes official book about the ANZACs, tells this story of mateship, heroism, bravery, courage, sacrifice Conscription Significant enlistment beginning of war (52,000 end of 1914 and 165000 end of 2015) Reports of casualtiesat Gallipolli and Western front (5500 overnight at fromelles) By 1916, england was pressuring AIF TO supply 16500 men a month, which they were struggling to maintain Many other countries had their own conscription policies, such as New Zealand and Canada -Two referendums were held in 1916 and 1917, both lost to no votre, with an increase in the second vote

  • This was becauselliam Hughes felt he could not pass a conscription bill
  • Support for conscription was usually linked with support for britain, social elites, protestants, business leaders,
  • the debate divided Australian society
  • Reasons for conscription included australis ties with britain, hatred for the germans, equity of sacrifice, duty to those who needed help,
  • Those who voted no were seen as disloyal, and supportie of German atrocities
  • Those voting no were trade unionists, the labour party, irish catholics and pacifisists
  • Denial of an individuals freedom, giving hughes that kind of power of freedoms was dangerous, war was futile, sending all white men to fight left the country and rightful job positions of white men available to be taken by non white men
  • After 1917, the year of the brutal battle of Ypres for Australians, the second referendum occurred
  • An increased no vote occurred this year, and volunteering dropped increasingly

Internment of Enemy Aliens German and Austro Hungarian Australians were required to register with the police Required to report to police on a regular basis They were assessed to be ‘truthful and honest’ and ‘anti-British’ or ‘consorting with those of enemy origin’ through secondary form and interviews by th epolice October 29 1914, War Precautions Act, restricting movement of enemey aliens, their ability to own telephones, motor cars, cameras, to vote, to have schools taught in language and the ability of the government to subject them to interment Those subject to interment only needed to be considered ‘of hostile association’ by one military intelligence officer, and were not allowed a fair trial The camps were restricted with barbed wire, and were generally poorer members of the community (if male enemy aliens handed themselves in for internment - their families could receive a small allowance) State governments focused on locating sociocultural leaders of the enemy alien community for internment, as to destroy the community as an autonomous entity Range of trading with enemy acts passed between 1914-1918 restricted economic movement of enemy aliens within australia German and sutrohungraian australianas were prohibited from buying or selling land and owning/managing businesses Ordered to discloseholdings in shares and bank accounts, and assets were transferred to trustees Prevention of german products reaching australia, and australian products reaching germany Permenat destruction of german firms in australia, whether they were branches of foreign companies, or run in australia by australian citizens

Wartime Proproganda and Censorship Designed to maintain public outrage at Germans, and idealise aus soldiers Used to encourage enlistment, either through guilt tripping or portraying the battles as australian successes (even if they werent) Minimised disasters and overblowed success (focused on the bravery of men at gallipolli rather than the large amount of death) Used germany’s invasion of belgiums to show them as aggressors Used during conscription times to encourage people to vote either way Women, who could vote at the time, were subject to propaganda targeting. For example, the no vote reminded women they were sending young men and sons to their death Truth and objectivity was set aside to maintain the strong image of men and side

\ Women 3000 women served as nurses on the front lines

\ Women kept fire burning at home, raised children, ran household Mobilised volunteerism, emotional labour writing letters, sending comforts, parcels, letters, raising money, orginisations set up to support war effort such as Australian Women’s National League or Red CrossWomen could vote, and therefore were politically active in the conscription debate. Propaganda targeted towards women, and womens group Women encouraged men to enlist. The fear of disspointing or appearing cowardly in front of female family members was a driving force for many men. Those men who did returnhome were often injured, or scarred by shell shock - women were forced to take on emotional labour as caretakers and support systems for men.