AP HUGE Final Review (Ch 11-12)

  • Bio-genetically engineering now allows the growing of new strains in more arid regions of the Plains States to meet the demand of the bio-diesel industry.

  • Organic food is found in core, semi periphery, and periphery (all) areas.

  • Demand for organic foods is greatest in the global economic core

  • Which is not an example of a primary economic activity? corn flake production

  • The ratio of percent of labor force to percent of GDP in the agricultural sector of Canada (3% of labor force: 2.3% of GDP) indicates that Canada’s agricultural sector is machine intensive.

  • According to Carl Sauer, the earliest plant domestication was probably involved in planting root crops

  • Most scholars believe that seed cultivation (First Agricultural Revolution) occurred in the Fertile Crescent

  • Often crops are associated with regions other than the one in which they were developed.  For example, the “Irish” or “Idaho” potato originated in the Andean Highlands.  Corn of the American “Corn Belt” originated in Central America

  • A form of tropical subsistence agriculture in which fields are rotated after short periods of crop production is shifting cultivation

  • Milpa agriculture involves the burning method of clearing fields.

  • Before the intervention of Europeans, the societies practicing subsistence farming were quite equal because they were held in communal ownership

  • In von Thunen’s model there was a concentric circle of forest around the city because the forest provided wood for fuel and burning.

  • Which commodity would be found closest to the market town in von Thunen’s model? dairy products and strawberries

  • Geographer Lee Liu studying the spatial patterns of agriculture in parts of China, found soils in intensively used fields near villages were fertile and productive

  • By 1992, the most widely grown crop variety on Earth was a product of the Green Revolution called IR36, which was a variety of rice

  • The rectangular land division scheme in the United States adopted after the American Revolution is quite unique.  Its correct name is: township-and-range system

  • The basic unit of the township-and-range system, the section, has an area of 1 square mile

  • The form of villages still existing in many rural landscapes that are reminders of a of a turbulent past is walled villages

  • In villages everywhere, social stratification is reflected by the range in size and quality of houses

  • Poorer countries, producing such cash crops as sugar, are at the mercy of the purchasing countries that set the prices.

  • Twenty-five percent of world sugar production takes place outside of the tropical plantation region (U.S.A. Western Europe, Russia) and is produced from sugar beets

  • Coffee was domesticated in Ethiopia.  Today, 70% of production is in Middle and South America

  • Fair trade coffee buyers certify that 40 % of the retail price of their coffee goes to the coffee growers.

  • Rice cultivation in Southeast Asia is largely a subsistence activity.

  • In recent years, many wooded areas in Central and South America have been deforested to provide beef for hamburgers for fast-food chains in the United States.

  • Hunters and gatherers cannot live in permanent settlements. false

  • Shifting cultivation involves shifting crops (crop rotation) in small permanent fields. false

  • Because of the Green Revolution, today most famine results from political instability rather than failure of crop production. true

  • In the United States the number of people involved in farming is less than 2 percent.

  • Plantation agriculture usually maximizes the production of luxury crops for Europeans and Americans.

  • Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina produce 70% of the world’s export: wool

  • In von Thunen’s isolated state model, the intensity of cultivation for any given crop increases with increasing distance from the market. false

  • Nike, headquartered in Oregon, employs 20,000 people in that state.  What percentage is employed in shoe manufacture/assembly? 0%

  • England not only held a monopoly over products that were in world demand at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, but also a monopoly on… the skill needed to make the machines that manufactured them

  • In Britain, the proximity of what three things gave an unsurpassed advantage to the development of early industry? coal, iron ore, and capital

  • The relocation of industry to cities like Paris and London was facilitated by railroads

  • The increase in time and cost with distance is referred to as friction of distance

  • When Alfred Weber published his book Theory of the Location of Industries (1909), what did he select as the critical determinant of regional industrial location? transportation

  • If a substantial number of enterprises all develop in, or move to, the same area the factor is called agglomeration

  • Hotelling’s location analysis emphasized the role of… interdependence

  • Europe’s greatest industrial complex is… the Ruhr

  • New York City, like other large urban centers with great ports, is called a break of bulk location because it has a large skilled and semi-skilled labor force, focus of an intensive transport network, and has one of the world’s greatest ports.

  • Although no match for Canada’s Ontario industrial district, the one great advantage of the Montreal area is cheap hydroelectric power

  • This area is one of Russia’s oldest manufacturing centers. St. Petersburg

  • After World War I, this region produced about 90 percent of the coal needed to help the then Soviet Union industrialize Ukraine

  • Russia’s “Detroit” southeast of Moscow: Nizhni Novgorod

  • In which major world manufacturing country does industry not lie near sources of raw material? Japan

  • Japan’s dominant industrial region is Kanto Plain

  • Mass production of standardized goods using assembly line techniques is referred to as: Fordist

  • Fast, flexible production of small lots with outsourcing around the world is referred to as: post-Fordist

  • The type of manufacturing that is more likely to be located in peripheral countries is labor-intensive

  • By 1990, the only American company that was making color television sets was Zenith

  • Television research and design takes place in the home countries of the major TV manufacturers

  • During the 1970s, U.S. television manufacturers began to move productions “offshore” to places such as special zones on the Mexican border called maquiladoras

  • Current amounts of goods and resources moving in the global system would be impossible without the invention of the container system

  • Over 50% of the goods entering Europe come through two ports in Rotterdam or Amsterdam

  • Which country is almost completely dependent upon imported oil/natural gas? Japan

  • U.S. oil reserves are estimated to be 4% of the world’s total.

  • Between 1940 and the early 1960s, China’s industrial growth was aided by communism

  • The second largest industrial district in China developed around Shanghai, China’s largest city.

  • Service industries are commonly referred to as quinary industries.

  • People working in the tertiary industries sector of economic activity tend to have high  levels of specialized knowledge or technical skills.

  • The most important locational factor for the service sector is advances in telecommunications

  • Technopoles, a collection of high-technology industries, can be found in a number of countries.  Which regions contain one of these countries? Western Europe, Eastern Asia, North America, and Australia

  • Technopoles tend to locate near major networks of transportation and communication

  • The American Manufacturing Belt is located…around the Great Lakes and Northeast states

  • The initial breakthrough in the industrial revolution occurred in the… British textiles industry