Identify major reform goals of the Progressives. To what extent were they successful in achieving their goals between 1900 and 1920? (Ch. 20-21)

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Political Factors

18th Amendment - alcohol prohibition; ratified 1919.

  • %%Ratified on January 16, 1919, the 18th Amendment prohibited the “manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors". The major force behind Prohibition was 150 years of pressure by the Temperance Movement, combined with the ideals of the early 20th century Progressive Movement. Progressives especially supported prohibition, as these reformers tried to convince their fellow residents of the U.S. to live a more moral lifestyle%%

19th Amendment - prohibited voter discrimination on basis of sex.

  • %%U.S. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby certifies the 19th Amendment on August 26, 1920, giving women the Constitutional right to vote. First proposed in Congress in 1878, the amendment did not pass the House and Senate until 1919. The 19th Amendment was added to the Constitution, ensuring that American citizens could no longer be denied the right to vote because of their sex.%%

William Howard Taft - progressive goals, social welfare, and economic reform.

  • %%His reforms addressed the progressive goals of democracy, social welfare, and economic reform. Two of the major progressive achievements under President Taft were constitutional amendments. The Sixteenth Amendment was passed in 1909 and ratified in 1913.%%

Theodore Roosevelt - he demanded effective control of big businesses like John D. Rockefeller and J. P. Morgan, at a strong federal level. He also advocated for fair trade and pro-labor laws.

  • %%President Theodore Roosevelt was a leader of the Progressive movement, and he championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies, promising the average citizen fairness, breaking of trusts, regulation of railroads, and pure food and drugs. (1912)%%

Economic Factors

Niagara Movement - demanded equal economic and educational opportunity as well as the vote for Black men and women.

  • %%The Niagara Movement was a movement of African-American intellectuals that was founded in 1905 at Niagara Falls by such prominent men as W. E. B. DuBois and William Monroe Trotter. The movement was dedicated to obtaining civil rights for African-Americans.%%

W. E. B. DuBois - A civil rights leader who was also a professor at an all-Black University and the first African American with a doctorate from Harvard, who was also a spokesperson for the Niagara Movement.

  • %%In 1905, DuBois met with a group of 30 men at Niagara Falls, Canada. They drafted a series of demands essentially calling for an immediate end to all forms of discrimination. The Niagara Movement was denounced as radical by most whites at the time.%%

Federal Reserve Board - regulating financial institutions.

  • %%The Federal Reserve System is the central banking system of the United States of America. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises. The Federal Reserve monitors financial system risks and engages at home and abroad to help ensure the system supports a healthy economy for U.S. households, communities, and businesses.%%

Mann-Elkins Act - Set maximum freight rates.

  • %%Among the significant pieces of legislation passed by Congress during Taft's presidency was the Mann-Elkins Act of 1910, empowering the Interstate Commerce Commission to suspend railroad rate hikes and to set rates. The act also expanded the ICC's jurisdiction to cover telephones, telegraphs, and radio.%%

Social Factors

Silent Sentinels - A fraction of the National Women’s Party who picketed the White House for two and a half years by not speaking a word.

  • %%Enlarge Image ​​​​​​​​The sentinels were a faction within the National Woman's Party who picketed the White House for two and a half years from January 1917 to June 1919 to visibly advocate for woman suffrage.%%

NAACP - National Association for the advancement of people of color, a platform used to express views on a variety of issues facing African Americans in the later Progressive Era.

  • %%Founded in 1909, the NAACP is the nation's oldest civil rights organization. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the association led black civil rights to struggle in fighting injustices such as the denial of voting rights, racial violence, discrimination in employment, and segregated public facilities.%%

Talented Tenth - DuBois, and others alongside him, wished to carry a more direct path towards equality that drew on the political leadership and litigation skills of the Black, educated elite which he turned into the “talented tenth.” (Basically a mixture of political and social factors.)

  • %%Talented Tenth, (1903), a concept espoused by black educator and author W.E.B. Du Bois, emphasizes the necessity for higher education to develop the leadership capacity among the able 10 percent of black Americans.%%

Square Deal - regulated interstate railroad rates.

  • %%The Square Deal was Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy based on three basic ideas: protection of the consumer, control of large corporations, and conservation of natural resources.%%

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