Homeostasis

Increase in blood glucose

Insulin

• accelerating the transport of glucose from the blood into body cells, especially those of the skeletal muscles

• accelerating the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle (glycogenesis)

• stimulating the conversion of glucose into protein (protein synthesis)

• stimulating the conversion of glucose into fat (lipids) in adipose tissue, or fat storage tissue, a process called lipogenesis.

Decrease blood glucose

Glucagon

• stimulating glycogenolysis, the conversion of glycogen into glucose, in the liver

• stimulating gluconeogenesis, the production of new sugar molecules from fats (lipids) and amino acids, in the liver. This involves the breakdown of lipids in a process called lipolysis

• having a mild stimulating effect on protein breakdown.

Adrenal glands

Increase in temp

• Vasodilation (increase heat loss)

• Sweating (increase heat loss)

• Decrease metabolic rate - thyroxine reduce (decrease heat production)

• Behavioural response - fan/AC (increase heat loss), remove clothing (increase heat loss), reduce physical activity (decrease heat production)

Decrease in temp

• Vasoconstriction (decrease heat loss)

• Shivering (increase heat production)

• medulla secreting adrenaline and noradrenaline - metabolic rate (increase heat production)

• Thyroxine - metabolic rate (increase heat production)

• Behavioural response to reduce heat loss - jumper, shelter from wind, reduce surface area (decrease heat loss)

Fluid

• ADH

• Aldosterone

• Thirst reflex

Gas

• Oxygen concentration

• Carbon dioxide concentration

• Hydrogen ion concentration