WW1 Unit Review

Tensions building in Europe prior to the War:

Unification of Germany

Complex SHift of Alliance

Triple Entente: France, Great BRitain, and Russia

Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnai and Herzegovina

Militarism

Causes of WWI:

M: Militarism

A: Alliance

N: Nationalism

I: Imperialism

A: Assaniation of Archduke Ferdinand

What started the War and its immediate aftermath:

June 18th Fernindand is shot by Gavrilo; an extremist. AH gave Serbia unreasonable ultimatiatim: gave them 48 hours to decide so. Russia backed the Serbs, Germany backed AH, Germany declared war on Russia and France, Germany struck at France by marching through neutral Belgium and Great Britain declared war on Germany. Schlieffen Plan: germans quick plan to strike on France while Russia in mobilized

Who is on each side-Allies vs. Central Powers

Alliees: France, Russia, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan

Central Power: Germany, AH, Ottoman Empire, and Belgium

Examples of American neutrality or lack thereof during WWI (before we were involved)

Americans cultural, economic and political ties to the Allies. Most sympathized with the allies. Only the Allies could buy from American goods. Proclamation of Neutral: President Woodrow Wilson declared America as neutral on August 4, 1914, when the war began. His administration focused on promoting trade and diplomatic relations without favoring either the Allied or Central Powers.

Lithuania Incident

American Reactions:

Response to Germany: The attack on the Lusitania was met with outrage in the United States. President Woodrow Wilson condemned Germany's actions, viewing the sinking as both barbaric and in violation of neutral rights. Wilson demanded that Germany cease unrestricted submarine warfare.

Response to Britain: While the sinking angered Americans and criticized Germany, the U.S. response to Britain's blockade of Germany was less pronounced. The American government did not formally protest Britain's interception of neutral trade and the impact it had on American and neutral shipping. This created a perception of bias towards the Allies.

Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram, sent by Germany to Mexico on January 16, 1917, proposed a military alliance if the U.S. entered World War I. Germany promised to help Mexico regain lost territories: Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The British intercepted and decoded it, and its publication in the U.S. incited public outrage, leading to America's

Mexico/US Relations

During World War I, U.S.-Mexico relations were strained, notably due to the Zimmermann Telegram from Germany proposing a military alliance with Mexico against the U.S. Germany promised to help Mexico reclaim lost territories like Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The British intercepted and publicized the telegram, which incited outrage in the U.S.

The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920): A major armed struggle against President Porfirio Díaz's oppression, it involved various factions, including peasants and middle-class leaders, advocating for land reform, labor rights, and political democracy. Key figures included Francisco Madero, Emiliano Zapata, and Pancho Villa. The revolution influenced U.S.-Mexico relations during World War I, particularly due to the Zimmermann Telegram.

U-Boat Warfare

U-Boat warfare during World War I refers to the German practice of utilizing submarines, known as U-boats, to disrupt Allied shipping and implement a naval blockade. The German Navy deployed U-boats to sink merchant vessels and warships without warning in an attempt to cut off supplies to the Allies.

Examples of what led America into WWI

Lusitania Incident

Zimmerman Telegram

U-Boat Warfare

WWI-battles, trench warfare, outcome etc.

Western Front:

Battle of Verdun: 750,000 lost their life: Fought between France and Germany

Eastern Front:

Battle of Tannenberg: German forces defeated the Russian Army: 92,000 Russians taken prisoner. 30,000 killed and Germany lost 13,00

American Expeditionary Force:

Led by General John J. Pershing

May 1918:

AEF helped French Army on the Western Front

Fought their first battle: Battle of Belleau Wood in which the US Marine were crucial in the battle

Battle of Belleau Wood:

US Marine Corps and German Forces

Halted German’s advance towards Paris

Chemical Warfare

Canister Mask: developed to protect soldier from the use of chlorine gas such as xyly

was not effective in filtering deadly gasses and no mask could offer protection from mustard gas which attacked the flash

Air Warfare

Lafayette Escadrille and LaFayette Flying Corps

Americans volunteered since 1916 including AA who were segregated under American control

American Home front during WWI-propaganda, acts, boards etc.

Selective Service Act: drafted men to war(20-31)

War Industries Board: reorganized industry to maximize profits

Food Administration: Increased agricultural production, supervised food distribution and farm labor

National War Labor Board: resolved labor management disputes, improved labor conditions, and recognized union rights as means to production and efficiency

Prohibition Act: Congress ratified the 18th Amendment, banning the manufacture, sale and transport of alcoholic beverages

Suffrage Act: allowed women to vote

Liberty Bonds: Interests-bearing certificates sold by the US to finance war effort

CPI: managed propaganda to build support for war effort

Espionage Act: vague prohibition against obstruction war effort

The Sedition Act: expanded the espionage act or its government and etc

The Fourteen Points

Purpose: to remake international order so futures disputes could be kept from deteriorating the war

Point 1-5:

involved principles to guide International relations: freedom of seas, open diplomacy, reduction of arms, free trade, fair colonial claims

Point 6-13:

created new nations shifting old borders or ensuing self-determination

14 point:

Leagues of Nation which disputed international justice: their decisions forced by economic sanctions and military form set by each country

ReatioN: Central Powers felt it was propaganda, Central Power western front was wearing down. Armistice singed on Nov 11, 1918

Paris Peace Conference/Treaty of Versailles

Paris Peace Coference: Jan 18th 1919: Allied leaders met in Versailles

US, France, Great Britain, and Italy—Big 4

Lloyd George: Britain

Victorio Orlando: Italy

Victor Clemency—France

Woodrow Wilson—US

Treaty of Versailles:

Central Power and USSR were excluded

Germany forced to give all conquered lands

Forced to accept full responsibility and pay reparations(132B)

Limited Military and small self-defense force: destroy military bases

League of Nations

International org. founded after WW1 to ensure world stability.

Had 4 permanent members: Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan and four non-permanent members that were elected by the Assembly for a three-year term.

Election of 1916

Woodrow Wilson vs. Charles Evans Hughes—>Woodrow Wilson won

Slogan: “He Kept US Out of War

Irreconcilable and Reservations

Irreconcilable:

Group of senators opposing the Treaty of Versailles:

Robert LaFollete

Hiram Johnson

Reservations: Group of US Senators opposing approval of the Treaty of Versailles w/o changes:

Henry Cabot Lodge

Key People and Dates

July 28th 1914: WW1 starts

April 26th 1917: US enters

March 3rd 1918: Russia Quits

June 1918: Battle of Bellau Wood

Sept 26th- Nov 11 1918: Battle of Argonne Forest

Nov 11 1918: Armistice is signed

June 28th 1919: Treaty of Versailles signed