psyc
Trait Approaches:
Approaches to studying personality based on people's characteristics—tendencies to act in certain ways over time and across situations (Psychology in Your Life…).
Temperament:
Biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways. It is broader than personality traits and represents the innate biological structure of one's personality (Psychology in Your Life…).
Situationism:
The theory that behavior is primarily influenced by the situation rather than stable personality traits (Psychology in Your Life…).
Interactionism:
The idea that behavior is determined jointly by situations and underlying personality dispositions (Psychology in Your Life…).
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID):
The presence of two or more distinct identities within the same individual. It is often associated with coping mechanisms developed in response to severe trauma (Psychology in Your Life…).
Psychopathology:
The study of mental disorders, their symptoms, causes, and treatments (specific definition not directly available, inferred as standard usage).
Psychodynamic Theory:
Proposes that unconscious forces such as desires and hidden memories determine behavior (Psychology in Your Life…).
Id:
The part of the personality operating on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification (Psychology in Your Life…).
Superego:
The component representing internalized societal norms and morals (Psychology in Your Life…).
Ego:
The part of the personality balancing the id and the superego, operating on the reality principle (Psychology in Your Life…).
Defense Mechanisms:
Strategies used by the ego to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality (Psychology in Your Life…).
Humanistic Approaches:
Emphasize goodness, self-understanding, and the fulfillment of personal potential (Psychology in Your Life…).
Person-Centered Approach:
Developed by Carl Rogers, this focuses on conditions of worth and unconditional positive regard shaping personality (Psychology in Your Life…).
Specific Phobia:
An intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation (Psychology in Your Life…).
Social Anxiety Disorder:
Fear of being negatively evaluated by others in social contexts (Psychology in Your Life…).
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
Excessive worry about multiple aspects of daily life (Psychology in Your Life…).
Panic Disorder:
Characterized by sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort (Psychology in Your Life…).
Agoraphobia:
Fear of being in situations where escape may be difficult (Psychology in Your Life…).
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):
Marked by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety (Psychology in Your Life…).
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
A disorder triggered by traumatic events, involving re-experiencing, avoidance, and heightened arousal (Psychology in Your Life…).
Major Depressive Disorder:
Persistent sadness, loss of interest, and other symptoms impairing daily life (Psychology in Your Life…).
Manic Episodes or Mania:
Periods of abnormally elevated mood, energy, and activity levels (Psychology in Your Life…).
Schizophrenia:
A disorder involving disruptions in thought, perception, and consciousness, characterized by symptoms like delusions and hallucinations (Psychology in Your Life…).
Positive Symptoms:
Symptoms that add abnormal experiences, like hallucinations or delusions (Psychology in Your Life…).
Negative Symptoms:
Reduction in normal functions, such as lack of emotion or motivation (Psychology in Your Life…).
Delusions:
False beliefs not grounded in reality (Psychology in Your Life…).
Hallucinations:
False sensory perceptions, like hearing voices (Psychology in Your Life…).
Borderline Personality Disorder:
Characterized by emotional instability, impulsivity, and difficulties with self-identity (Psychology in Your Life…).
Antisocial Personality Disorder:
Involves disregard for others, impulsivity, and lack of remorse (Psychology in Your Life…).
Psychotherapy:
General term for treatment involving psychological techniques.
Humanistic/Client-Centered Therapy:
Focuses on individual potential and self-actualization through unconditional positive regard.
Psychodynamic Therapy/Psychoanalysis:
Focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts and motives.
Behavior Therapy:
Uses conditioning to change maladaptive behaviors.
Cognitive Therapy:
Aims to change distorted thought patterns.
Biological Therapy:
Includes medication and other biological treatments for psychological disorders.
Psychotropic Medications:
Drugs used to treat psychological disorders.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT):
A treatment involving electrical stimulation of the brain.
Phototherapy:
Uses light exposure to treat mood disorders.
Stress:
A response to demands or threats.
Stressor:
Any event or situation causing stress.
Stress Response:
Physical and psychological reactions to a stressor.
Major Life Stressors:
Significant events causing stress.
Daily Hassles:
Minor everyday irritations that can accumulate stress.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS):
The body's response to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
Type A Behavior Pattern:
Competitive, impatient, and aggressive behavior.
Type B Behavior Pattern:
Relaxed, non-competitive behavior.
Emotion-Focused Coping:
Managing emotions in response to stress.
Problem-Focused Coping:
Tackling the problem causing stress directly.
Avoidant Coping: Steering clear of stressors and not addressing the issue at hand.