Taylor Chapter 7

CHAPTER 7:

• Cell theory – all organisms are made of cells and come from pre-existing cells.

• Proteins – perform most of the cell’s functions

• Nucleic acids – store, transmit and process information

• Carbohydrates – provide chemical energy, carbon, support and identity

• Plasma membrane – serves as a selectively permeable barrier.

• Cells can be:

  o Eukaryotes = membrane-bound nucleus

  o Prokaryotes = NO

• Phylogeny – evolutionary history

  o Organisms can be divided into: ▪ Bacteria – Prokaryotic ▪ Archaea – prokaryotic

  ▪ Eukarya – eukaryotic

• Ex. Algea, fungi, plants, animals

• Cytoplasm – all of the contents of a cell inside the membrane.

• Chromosome – contains DNA information and the proteins give the DNA structural

  support.

• Plasmids – found in prokaryotic cells, small, circular supercoiled DNA molecules

• Ribosomes – protein-manufacturing center

• Cytoskeleton – network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm that are involved in cell shape,

  support, locomotion and transport of materials within the cell.

• Photosynthesis – chemical reactions responsible for converting energy from sunlight into

  chemical energy stored in sugars.

• Organelles – compartment inside the cell, often bounded by a membrane, that contains enzymes or structures specialized for a particular funtion.

• Cell wall – tough layer that surrounds the plasma membrane o Protects organisms and gives them shape and rigidity

• Flagellum – prokaryotic, made from many different proteins at the cell surface of certain species.

  Eukaryotic Cell:

• Consists of protists, fungi, plants and animals

• Diffusion only allows for rapid movement across very small distances

• Cytosol – fluid portion between the plasma membrane and these organelles

• Nucleus – stores and transmits information

  • Nucleolus – responsible for manufacturing and processing the RNA molecules that assemble into large and small ribosomal subunits.

  • Ribosomes – use information in the RNA to manufacture proteins.

  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum – synthesis, processing and storage . Has ribosomes

  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – contains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving

    lipids.

  • Golgi apparatus – site of protein processing, sorting and shipping

  • Lysosomes – in animal cells, function as recycling centers

  • Vacuole – general storage centers in plant and fungal cells

  • Peroxisomes – site of oxidation reactions

  • Mitochondria – supplies ATP. Powerhouse of the cell

  • Chloroplast – sugar-manufacturing centers in plants and algae