Endocrine Glands 2

What are the functions of the thyroid gland?

The thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck. It has 2 distinctive halves resulting in a butterfly shape.

What are the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland and what is the function of each?

  • Calcitonin: Reduces the calcium levels in the blood

  • Thyroid Hormones: Regulate metabolism and body heat production, controls cellular oxygen usage, and maintains blood pressure



What is the function of the parathyroid glands?

The parathyroid glands are attached to the back of the thyroid. Produces parathyroid

hormone, which has the opposite function from calcitonin. Parathyroid hormone brings calcium out of the bones and into the bloodstream for use by cells.



What are the functions of the adrenal glands?

The adrenal glands sit atop each kidney. Each gland has an outer layer (adrenal cortex) and an inner layer (adrenal medulla) that have different functions. 



List the hormones secreted by each layer and the function of each hormone.

Adrenal medulla → epinephrine and norepinephrine → Regulate the “fight or flight”

response to emergency situations. Increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow, intake of oxygen for immediate energy.


Adrenal cortex → Glucocorticoids → Regulate ion levels for quick energy


What are the functions of the pancreas?

The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine galnds. What is the difference?

Exocrine: uses ducts

Endodrine: uses ductless glands



The endocrine part of the pancreas is made of groups of cells called the islets of Langerhans that look like tiny islands.



What hormones does the pancreas produce? What are their functions?

Beta cells → Insulin → Lower blood glucose levels

Alpha cells → Glucagon → Raise blood glucose levels



What are the functions of the thymus gland?

The thymus gland is a small gland found near the sternum. The thymus produces thymopoietin, thymic factor, and thymosin, which is involved in the development of the immune system. 



Summary: The thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands have wide-reaching effects on the body. The pancreas and thymus are endocrine glands, as well, but also have functions within other body systems (digestive & immune).