Principles of Human Anatomy Practice Flashcards
Anatomical Terminology and Body Regions
Cephalic (Head) Region: The upper portion of the body including the following specific areas:
Cranial: The skull.
Facial: The face.
Frontal: The forehead.
Orbital: The eye.
Otic: The ear.
Buccal: The cheek.
Nasal: The nose.
Oral: The mouth.
Mental: The chin.
Occipital: The base of the skull, located on the posterior view.
Cervical (Neck) Region: The area connecting the head to the trunk.
Trunk: The central part of the body, subdivided into several specific regions:
Thoracic: The chest area, which includes the Sternal (breastbone) and Mammary (breast) regions.
Abdominal: The area of the abdomen, specifically including the Umbilical (navel).
Pelvic: The pelvis area.
Coxal: The hip.
Inguinal: The groin.
Pubic: The pubis.
Dorsal: The back (posterior view).
Scapular: The shoulder blade.
Vertebral: The spinal column.
Lumbar: The loin or lower back.
Sacral: The area located between the hips.
Gluteal: The buttock.
Upper Limb Regions: Terms describing the arms and hands from proximal to distal:
Acromial: The shoulder.
Axillary: The armpit.
Brachial: The arm (upper arm).
Antecubital: The front of the elbow.
Olecranal: The back of the elbow.
Antebrachial: The forearm.
Carpal: The wrist.
Palmar: The palm of the hand.
Dorsum: The back of the hand.
Manual: The hand as a whole.
Digital or Phalangeal: The fingers.
Lower Limb Regions: Terms describing the legs and feet from proximal to distal:
Femoral: The thigh.
Patellar: The anterior surface of the knee.
Popliteal: The hollow behind the knee.
Crural: The leg (lower leg).
Sural: The calf.
Tarsal: The ankle.
Pedal: The foot as a whole.
Calcaneal: The heel.
Plantar: The sole of the foot.
Dorsum: The top of the foot.
Digital or Phalangeal: The toes.
Planes of the Human Body
Midsagittal Plane: A vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left sides.
Parasagittal Plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into unequal right and left sides.
Frontal (Coronal) Plane: A plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Transverse Plane: A horizontal plane that divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
Oblique Plane: A plane that passes through the body or an organ at an angle between a transverse plane and a sagittal plane or between a transverse plane and a frontal plane.
Directional Terms and Internal Anatomy
Superior: Toward the head or the upper part of a structure.
Inferior: Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure.
Medial: Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides).
Lateral: Farther from the midline.
Proximal: Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
Distal: Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.
Key Internal Landmarks (Anterior View):
Respiratory System: Esophagus (food tube), Trachea (windpipe), Right lung, Left lung.
Cardiovascular System: Heart.
Digestive System: Liver, Gallbladder, Stomach, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Small intestine.
Urinary System: Urinary bladder.
Muscular System: Diaphragm (separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities).
Skeletal System: Rib, Sternum (breastbone), Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges.
Body Cavities
Dorsal Body Cavity: Located near the posterior surface of the body and subdivided into two parts:
Cranial Cavity: Formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain.
Vertebral Canal: Formed by the bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord.
Ventral Body Cavity: Located on the anterior aspect of the body and subdivided by the diaphragm into two main cavities:
Thoracic Cavity: The superior portion of the ventral body cavity, containing the heart and lungs.
Abdominopelvic Cavity: The inferior portion of the ventral body cavity, further divided into:
Abdominal Cavity: Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
Pelvic Cavity: Contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.
Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
Nine Abdominopelvic Regions:
Right Hypochondriac Region: Contains the right lobe of the liver and the gallbladder.
Epigastric Region: Contains parts of the right and left lobes of the liver, the lesser curvature and pyloric portion of the stomach, the duodenum, the abdominal aorta, and the inferior vena cava.
Left Hypochondriac Region: Contains the diaphragm, spleen, left colic (splenic) flexure of the large intestine, and the body of the stomach.
Right Lumbar Region: Contains the ascending colon of the large intestine.
Umbilical Region: Contains the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) and the transverse colon of the large intestine.
Left Lumbar Region: Contains the descending colon of the large intestine.
Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region: Contains the cecum and the appendix.
Hypogastric (Pubic) Region: Contains the small intestine, sigmoid colon of the large intestine, rectum, and urinary bladder.
Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region: Contains the descending colon and sigmoid colon of the large intestine.
Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants:
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ).
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ).
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ).
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).