ap gov test 2

  • Apportionment (reapportionment)/ malapportionment: The process of distributing representatives among the states based on population

  • Gerrymandering: The division of electoral district boundaries

  • Majority minority districts: Districts in which the majority of voters belong to a racial or ethnic minority, roughly equal sizes, contiguous (have to be touching and cannot be separated)

  • Shaw v. Reno: Supreme Court case that ruled racial gerrymandering unconstitutional. they must apply the strict scrutiny standard (test discrimination) -compelling state interest, Least restrictive means possible -

  • Partisan gerrymandering: guarantee victory for a particular party

  • Baker v. Carr: established 1 man one 1 principle, districts must be roughly equal sizes, contiguous (have to be touching and cannot be separate

  • Substantive representation:

  • Descriptive representation

  • Trustee model

  • Delegate model

  • Politico model

  • Incumbency advantage: edge to those already in office. They use advertising, credit claiming, Position taking, and Logrolling) 95% success rate

  • Logrolling: The practice of exchanging favors, especially in politics. (exchange votes)

  • Pork barrel spending: Government spending primarily for a representative's district.

  • Discretionary spending

  • Mandatory spending

  • Speaker of the House

  • Senate majority leader

  • Minority leader

  • Party Whips

  • House Rules Committee

  • Committee of the Whole

  • Holds

  • Unanimous consent agreements

  • Filibusters

  • Cloture

  • Veto

  • Pocket veto

  • Gridlock

  • Divided government

  • Formal/ enumerated powers

  • Informal powers

  • Presidential pardons

  • Executive privilege

  • Executive agreement

  • Executive orders

  • Signing statement

  • War Powers Resolution

  • Executive Office of the President

  • Bully pulpit

  • Going public

  • Bargaining and persuasion

  • Federalist no. 70: Why 1 president is a better idea than 2

  • Term limits