Comprehensive Study Guide for the Age of Jefferson

Candidates and Campaign:
* John Adams ran for a second term as President.
* The Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
Results and Tie-Breaker:
    * Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson received the exact same number of electoral votes.
    * Due to the tie, the decision was moved to the House of Representatives.
    * The House of Representatives broke the tie, resulting in Thomas Jefferson winning the election.

Core Political Views:
    * Jefferson sought to lessen the power of the federal government.
    * He aimed to significantly reduce the federal budget.
    * He believed in maintaining a strong state government system.
Economic Principles (Laissez-Faire):
    * Jefferson wanted to implement the economic idea of ‘Laissez-Faire.’
    * Definition: ‘Laissez-faire’ is a French term meaning ‘let alone.’
    * Application: Under this principle, the government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
Free Market Economy:
* Definition: A free market is an environment where goods and services are exchanged with very little regulation.

Background of the Case:
    * President Adams appointed William Marbury to serve as a judge the night before he left office.
    * Thomas Jefferson, upon taking office, did not accept this appointment.
    * Jefferson ordered James Madison (Secretary of State) not to deliver the necessary appointment paperwork to Marbury.
    * Marbury subsequently sued Madison to obtain his commission.
Supreme Court Ruling:
* The Supreme Court ruled against Marbury.
Establishment of Judicial Review:
    * This landmark case established the principle of judicial review.
    * Judicial review grants the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law passed by Congress is constitutional.
    * If the Court finds a law is not constitutional, they have the right to reject that law.

The Pinckney Treaty:
* Spain agreed to allow American farmers to use the port of New Orleans to trade and store their goods.
The Louisiana Purchase:
* The territory was bought from France in 1803.
* The purchase doubled the physical size of the United States.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition:
    * An expedition is defined as a voyage of exploration.
    * Jefferson hired Lewis and Clark to lead the voyage.
    * The primary goal of the expedition was to find a route to the Pacific Ocean.
Sacagawea:
* She served as a translator for Lewis and Clark during their journey.

Key Definitions:
    * Impressment: The practice of forcing people into military service.
    * Embargo: A complete ban on trade.
    * Smuggling: The act of importing or exporting goods in violation of a country’s trading laws.
Legislative Actions:
* Embargo Act: A law that placed a total ban on trade with every foreign country.
* Nonintercourse Act: A revised law that allowed American merchants to trade with all countries except Britain and France.
Rise of the War Hawks:
* The War Hawks were members of Congress who possessed strong anti-British feelings.
* Nationalism: A strong sense of devotion to one's own country.

1st Amendment: Protects the five basic freedoms: Speech, Religion, Assembly, Petition, and Press.
2nd Amendment: Protects the right of the people to bear arms.
3rd Amendment: Made it illegal for the government to force citizens to quarter (house) troops in their private residences.
4th Amendment: Made it illegal for both state and federal officials to conduct searches and seizures of a person or their property without legal cause.
5th Amendment: Establishes the right to remain silent (protection against self-incrimination).
6th Amendment: Guarantees the right to a fair and speedy trial.
7th Amendment: Guarantees the right to a trial by jury in civil cases.
8th Amendment: Prohibits the court from imposing excessive bails or cruel and unusual punishments.
9th Amendment: States that the people have rights beyond those specifically listed in the Constitution.
10th Amendment: Establishes that any rights not specifically listed in the Constitution are reserved to the states.

Lack of Preparedness:
    * America was unprepared for the war because Jefferson had cut spending on national defense.
    * The U.S. Navy possessed only 16 ships.
    * The Army was small, ill-prepared, and many officers knew very little about actual warfare.
    * The Army relied heavily on volunteers.
The Battle of New Orleans:
    * In late 1814, British forces prepared to attack New Orleans with the intent of sailing up the Mississippi River.
    * Andrew Jackson met the threat, having transformed his army into a strong fighting force composed of his regular troops, Native Americans, and citizens of New Orleans.
    * American soldiers defended themselves by digging trenches.
    * On January 8, 1815, the British launched their attack.
    * The battle resulted in more than 2,000 British deaths, while only seven Americans died.
The Treaty of Ghent:
    * A peace treaty was signed on December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent, Belgium.
    * Britain and the United States agreed to restore pre-war conditions.
    * The treaty notably failed to address the issues of impressment and neutrality.
    * It was not until 1818 that Britain and the U.S. finally settled the issue regarding the Canadian border.
National Anthem:
    * A song that represents a country is a national anthem.
    * The American national anthem is the ‘Star Spangled Banner.’
    * It was originally a poem written by Francis Scott Key.