Industrial Revolution
  • Cottage Industry: Home production of goods; involves the putting out system selling raw materials to households.
  • Origins: Began in England due to accessible coal, ports, and urbanization.
  • Urbanization Issues: Poor housing (tenements), increased crime, and social segregation.
  • First Industrial Revolution (1790−18501790-1850): Characterized by mass production, mechanization (e.g., cotton), assembly lines, and interchangeable parts.
  • Social Changes: Rise in consumerism, leisure activities, mental health issues (alcoholism, crime).
  • Key Innovations: Cotton gin (Eli Whitney), spinning jenny, steam engines (Thomas Newcomen, James Watt), telegraph (Morse code).
  • Working Conditions: Low wages, long hours, child labor (no unions or sick leave), women paid half of men.
  • Legislative Reforms: Factory Acts addressing labor conditions; push for public health and education reforms.
Second Industrial Revolution (1850−19001850-1900)
  • Electric Revolution: Advancements in communication (telephone), energy (Edison, Tesla), automobiles (Ford).
  • Steel Production: Bessemer process enhanced steel quality.
  • Social Movements: Temperance, abolition of slavery, establishment of police forces, labor reforms.
Ottoman Empire
  • Decline: Loss of territories and internal revolts (janissaries, Mahmud II).
  • Tanzimat Reforms: Modernization efforts imitating Europe (infrastructure).
  • Challenges: Nationalism, economic decline, cultural conservatism.
Qing Dynasty
  • Corruption and Influence: Opium wars resulted in loss of ports (Treaty of Nanking); civil unrest (Taiping Rebellion).
  • Reform Attempts: Self-strengthening movement faced diminishing power due to foreign influence.
Japan
  • End of Isolation: Commodore Perry led to Meiji Restoration.
  • Modernization: Abolition of the feudal system, adoption of Western systems (railroads, justice, education).
Imperialism
  • Motivations for Expansion:
    • Economic: Industrialized nations required raw materials (rubber, copper, petroleum, minerals) and new markets to sell finished products.
    • Political/Nationalism: Competition between European powers for global prestige, military bases, and strategic naval ports.
    • Ideological: Social Darwinism and the belief in a "civilizing mission" (White Man's Burden) served as justifications for dominance.
  • Key Events and Locations:
    • The Scramble for Africa: European nations partitioned the African continent during the Berlin Conference (1884−18851884-1885) without the participation of African leaders.
    • South Asia: The British East India Company's control transitioned into direct rule by the British Crown (the British Raj) after the rebellion of 18571857.
    • Southeast Asia: Expansion by the Dutch (Indonesia) and French (Indochina) to control agriculture and trade routes.
  • Styles of Rule:
    • Direct Rule: Foreign officials were brought in to rule, aiming for cultural assimilation.
    • Indirect Rule: Local rulers were used to carry out the colonial power's laws, maintaining some local customs while ensuring economic control.
  • Impacts: Implementation of modern infrastructure (railroads, medicine) alongside systematic economic exploitation and the erosion of indigenous cultures.