bio11 final review
3 evidence support evolution: fossil record, comparative anatomy, DNA evidence.
—————12.1(geological timescale)————-
List 4 Precambrian time: 1.precambrian 2.paleozoic 3.Mesozoic 4.Cenozoic
What era and M.Y.A did the earth form: Precambrian time “4570 million year ago”
What era and M.Y.A did the Prokaryotes arise: Precambrian time “3500 MYA”
What era and M.Y.A did O2 accumulate in the atmosphere: Precambrian time “2700 MYA”
What era and M.Y.A did the Eukaryotes arise: Precambrian time “2100 MYA”
What era era, period, and M.Y.A did the first plants appear on land: Paleozoic Devonian “416 MYA”
What era, period, and M.Y.A (Million Years Ago) did flowering plants appear: Mesozoic Jurassic “199.6 MYA”
What era, period, epoch, and M.Y.A (Million Years Ago) are we currently in: Cenozoic quaternary, Holocene.
Which animals went extinct during the K-T extinction (Between cretaceous/tertlary periods)? How many M.Y.A did that occur: dinosaur-199.6 MYA
Invertebrates(软体,does not have bones)vs. Vertebrates(有骨架有骨头bones）
If plants do not have any hard parts, how do they become fossils: there impressions are filled in by mineral.
————12.2 (Evidence from Comparative Anatomy)————
What are homologous structures: Forelimbs, Hind limbs, Skull, Vertebral column
Compare vertebrate embryos: have a postnatal tail, a dorsal spinal cord.
17.Animal Evolution (Invertebrates):
In general, how are invertebrates different from vertebrates: Invertebrates were the first animals to evolve.
What does coelom mean, and what does being a coelomate mean: a body cavity, true internal body cavity.
————17.1 Evolution of Animals————
Symmetry(radial and bilateral)vs.Asymmetry(no particular symmetry):
Protostomes(first opening is mouth)vs.Deuterostames(second opening is mouth)
————17.2 Molluscs————
Types of Molluscs: Chitons, Bivalves,
What is the exoskeleton of a clam called(Shell) and what is its function(protect the soft body from predator)
During the dissection of the clam, it is nearly impossible to simply pry open the closed shell. What must we do to actually open up the shell:
Clam(have shell,siphons, digging foot) vs.Squid(mantles ,grasping tentacles, sharp breaks, and keen eyes)
19,22,23. Basic Mammalian Anatomy:
————External Anatomy————
How can you tell the difference between the male(have Scrotal sac) and the female(have urogenital papilla) fetal pig based on the external anatomy.
Where is the urogenital opening located for:
Male: between the nipples / stomach
Female: near the urogenital papilla
What structure is unique to the male exterior portion of the male fetal pig: Scrotal sac
What structure is unique to the female exterior portion of the male fetal pig: Urogenital papilla
————Internal Anatomy————
Respiratory Tract
What does the epiglottis cover and protect: cover for the larynx and trachea.
Trace the pathway of air from the mouth or nose all the way to the lungs：
1.nasal cavity(nose) and oral cavity(mouth) 2.pharynx 3.glottis(larynx) 4.trachea 5.lungs
Overview of Cavities
What structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities: Diaphragm
What organs are in the thoracic cavity: lungs, heart, thymus, esophagus, and trachea.
What organs are in the abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, and. Adrenal glands.
Glands in Neck
The 2 glands in the neck and their functions: the thyroid gland and the parathyroid glands
Digestive Tract
Pathway of the digestive tract (in order) starting from the mouth and ending with the anus:
1.mouth 2.pharynx. 3.esophagus. (Mouth to stomach) “digestive organ at here” 4.stomach(brick down the food) 5.duodenum 6.jejunum 7.ileum 8.cecum 9.colon 10.rectum 11.anus
The three accessory organs that are found within the abdominal cavity that aid in digestion:
1.Liver(recycle the blood)(produces excess)(synthesizes “produces” bile). 2.Gall bladder(stores excess bile) 3.pancreas (secretes pancreatic juice)
-Ask again where does those organ located: “In small intestines” (DJ illy)
Cardiovascular/Circulatory System
The pathway of the blood through the heart and the major blood vessels attached to the heart:
Oxygenate:
Lungs→ pulmonary veins→left atrium——(bicuspid av valve)——>left ventricle —-(aortic semilunar valve)—>aorta—>body tissues
Deoxygenate:
Body tissues→vena cava→right atrium—(tricuspid as valve)→right ventricle-(pulmonary semilunar valve)→pulmonary arteries→lungs
(Refer to the duo rules)
Arteries(deoxygenate blood out) vs. Veins(oxygenate blood in, pumps the blood in so muscular)
Pulmonary(carries deoxygenate blood from the heart to the lungs,releases carbon dioxide)vs. Systemic circuit (carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body’s tissues)
Chambers of the heart: atrium, ventricle
Valves within the heart: pulmonary semicular valve, aortic semilunsr valve, biscupid / triscupid AV valve
right(deoxygenated, CO2 out) vs. left(oxygenate CO2 in, muscular)
Excretory/Urinary System
What are the kidneys covered by：renal capsule
The 3 main portions of the kidneys: Renal cortex, and medulla, and pelvis.
The microscopic structures within the kidneys that produce urine: nephron
Pathway of urine within male：kidney -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra -> penis -> urogenital orifice
Pathway of urine within female: kidney -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra -> urogenital sinus -> urogenital orifice
Sexual Reproductive System: the biological system responsible for producing offspring.
Pathway of sperm within male: sperm: seminiferous tubules -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> urethra -> penis -> external orifice
Structures and Functions of the female reproductive system: eggs: ovaries -> oviducts -> uterine horns -> body of the uterus -> vagina -> urogenital sinus -> urogenital opening
Other stuff
—————baby blood and oxygen—————
Placenta-in liver
Only Baby have : umbilical vein and ductus venous, and umbilical arteries.
5 steps: palcenta-> umbilical vein -> ductus venosus -> foramen ovale -> ductus arteriosus.