Social Psych Notes: Chapter 3 (Social Self)
Affective forecasting - the process of predicting how one would feel in response to future emotional events
Bask in reflected glory- associate with others who are successful, distance ourselves from those who fail or are low status
Dialecticism- An Eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single person.
Downward social comparisons- may compare ourselves to those who are worse off, makes us feel better our own situations (opposite of upward social comparison)
Facial feedback hypothesis- The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion.
Implicit egotism- we tend to have a (nonconscious) preference for things that we have associated with ourselves (numbers, letters, names)
Overjustification effect- tendency for rewards or extrinsic factors to diminish our intrinsic motivation for activities (often depends on how external reward is perceived/framed)
Private self-consciousness- A personality characteristic of individuals who are introspective, often attending to their own inner states.
Public self-consciousness- A personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others.
Self-awareness theory: self-focused attention leads us to notice self-discrepancies (which lowers self-esteem) leads us to either “shape up” or “ship out”
Self-concept: the sum total of an individual’s beliefs about their own personal attributes
Self-esteem- the evaluative component of the self a.k.a how you feel about yourself, may varies but stays mainly stable when compared to others
Self-handicapping: tendency to self-sabotage our future performance to give an excuse for this failure. afraid we will fail, so we generate external excuses to protect our self-esteem.
Self-monitoring- individual difference that refers to our tendency to change behavior in response to self-presentation concerns of the situation
Self-perception theory- theory that we infer out attitudes and feelings from observing our own behaviors
Self-presentation- strategies that we use to shape what others think of us,
Self-regulation- the process by which people control their thoughts, feelings, or behavior in order to achieve a personal or social goal.
Self-schema: beliefs about one’s self that guides processing of relevant information
Social comparison theory- evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing then to the abilities and beliefs of others (more likely to compare self to others when we’re unsure or lack an objective measure)
Sociometer theory- The theory that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors our social interactions and sends us signals as to whether our behavior is acceptable to others.
Terror management theory- The theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem.
Two-factor theory of emotion- The theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
Short Answer:
In terms of autobiographical memory, to what does the phrase “reminiscence bump” refer? : older people tend to remember more memories from their childhood and from their adolescence.
What is the two-factor theory of emotion? : The theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
What are the two main types of self-presentation? : strategic self-presentation and self-verification
What are the three selves described in Self-Discrepancy Theory?: When is self-esteem lowered?
When is self-esteem increased? The 3 selves are your actual self, your ought self, and your ideal self. Self-esteem lowered when our actual self falls short of the ought and ideal selves Self-esteem increases the more these selves align.
What are the 3 psychological needs that must be met in order to have a determined self?: autonomy, competence, and relatedness
Compare and Contrast:
Individualistic versus Collectivistic Cultures: Collectivism stresses the importance of the community, while individualism is focused on the rights and concerns of each person. Where unity and selflessness or altruism are valued traits in collectivist cultures, independence and personal identity are promoted in individualistic cultures.
High Self-Monitors versus Low Self-Monitors- High self-monitors find it much easier to modify their behavior based on the situation than low self-monitors do. High self-monitors would be more likely to change their beliefs and opinions depending on who they are talking to, while low self-monitors would tend to be consistent throughout all situations.