Chapter 1 - The Process of Science Notes

The Scientific Method

• Systematic study of the physical and natural world through observation and experimentation.
• Steps:
  • Observations
  • Question
  • Hypothesis (testable and falsifiable)
  • Prediction
  • Experiment
  • Analysis
  • Report Findings

Reasoning

• Inductive: specific observations lead to general conclusions.
• Deductive: general principles forecast specific results.

Hypothesis

• A testable explanation for an event.
• Must be testable and falsifiable (able to be disproven).
• Supporting a hypothesis does not prove it correct.

Experimental Design

• Independent variable: manipulated by the researcher.
• Dependent variable: potentially responds to changes in the independent variable.
• Control group: standard conditions, independent variable not changed.
• Treatment group: same as control, but the independent variable is manipulated.
  $Note:$\ "If…then" format often reveals independent & dependent variables.

Analyzing Results

• Determine if results support or refute the hypothesis.
• Supporting results: conduct further experiments.
• Refuting results: revise the hypothesis.

Reporting Results

• Share results through peer-reviewed publications to avoid bias and fraud.

Theories vs. Hypotheses

• Hypothesis: A suggested, testable explanation.
• Theories: Broad explanations for a wide range of phenomena, combining many hypotheses, rigorously tested.
• Scientific Laws: Similar to theories, but more common in disciplines outside of biology.

Basic vs. Applied Science

• Basic Science: expands knowledge without immediate application.
• Applied Science: uses science to solve real-world problems.