Anthro

1. "Culture of poverty" thesis: This is the idea that the cultures of some ethnic groups were pathological, because their family structures (for example, single mother households) did not appear to be the same as those of the beneficiaries of the American Dream. This idea had underlying racial and classist assumptions.

2. Doctrine of Manifest Destiny: A concept from U.S. history that argues about the supposed inevitability of the continued territorial expansion of the boundaries of the United States westward to the Pacific and beyond. According to Baker, this idea elevated racism and nativism to divine right.

3. Settler Colonialism: This term stands for a system of oppression based on genocide and colonialism that aims to displace a population of a nation (oftentimes indigenous people) and replace it with a new settler population.

4. Orientalism: An idea developed by Edward Said that was influential for postcolonial scholars and anthropologists, where he criticized the portrayal of the Middle East in art and media.

5. Postcolonialism: This term stands for the study of colonialism and its effects

Those who engage in this study critique the effects of colonialism and seek to deconstruct its premises, ideologies, and belief systems.

6. Harrison's critique on crime commentaries: Select this square if you have a phrase for the anthropologist who argued that commentaries on crime in Jamaica rarely placed the problem within the context of larger social forces which produced and exacerbated it.

7. Imponderabilia of actual life: A term developed by Bronislaw Malinowski for the observing and recording of everyday life in its full actuality, with a particular focus on people’s everyday routines.

8. Participant Observation: The term developed by Bronislaw Malinowski for a research methodology where the researcher is immersed and engaged in the day-to-day activities of the people they are doing research on.

9. Imperialism: The term for when a country uses policy to influence other countries economically and socially.

10. Functionalist Anthropology: This term refers to an anthropological way of seeing society as being similar to a human body, where each body part contributes to make sure the body functions as a whole. Those who abide by this term see society as being made up of many social institutions that all fulfill specific purposes to keep a society functional.

11. Relativism: This term refers to the idea that ethics, morals, values, norms, beliefs, and behaviors must be understood within the context of the culture from which they arise.

12. Historical Diffusion: This term refers to the process of cultures exchanging ideas.

It argues that while cultural traits might be similar between cultures, they have different and unique histories based on how groups of people interacted with each other over time.

13. "Age of equipoise": This term refers to a period of time where there was considered to be a degree of temporary social balance and tranquility in British society.

14. Political meaning behind the Crystal Palace: This term refers to the meaning behind a display in England that was set up in a way that reflected British sociocultural evolutionism’s ideas about being able to categorize cultures as inferior/superior.

15. Ethnography: The word for what anthropologists write up after completing their fieldwork, which includes an analysis of what they witnessed through fieldwork.

16. Fieldwork: The word for when anthropologists go out and live for extended periods of time among the people they study.

17. Thick description: An idea developed by Clifford Geertz that calls for anthropologists’ descriptions of a society to go beyond surface appearances to include the context, details, emotions, and webs of social relationships.

18. Utilitarianism: This term refers to the idea that everyone is a rational, self-interested actor pursuing universal wants.

19. "Great Chain of Being": This term refers to a European worldview from the 17th/18th centuries that promoted the idea that everything (people, animals, nature, God) is arranged on a hierarchical scale.

This idea was used as the basis for future thought around the hierarchization of people in sociocultural evolutionism.

20. Social Darwinism: The idea that societal advancement is driven by principles of “survival of the fittest”

This idea was used to justify eugenist pseudoscience and genocide and was drawn on by earlier anthropologist to justify categorizations of people based on ideas of cultural superiority/inferiority.

21. Why kinship has never been stable: This refers to the idea that kinship is not something that is given “in the nature of things” but rather is constructed in particular cultures around differing notions of person and worldviews.

22. David Schneider claim about blood and kinship: This phrase refers to an anthropologist who argued that while people may reference blood when talking about their kinship relations, the actual relations that they have on an everyday basis might be very different, outside of connections by blood.

23. Underlying assumption of Lewis Henry Morgan's kinship theory: This phrase refers to an anthropologist who based their work on an underlying assumption that kinship terms reflect the biological facts of reproduction.

24. "Nurturance": This refers to the idea that kinship is about more than the provision of stuff for biological survival. It’s a certain kind of relationship entailing affection and love, cooperation, enduring, noncontingent upon performance, that is governed by feeling and morality instead of law and contract.

25. Descriptive System: Kinship term for when a language uses separate words to describe each distinct relationship.

26. Classificatory System: Kinship term for when a language classifies a whole group of relatives under a single term.

27. What is at stake with knowledge claims about Native American DNA: This phrase refers to the four key areas Kim Tallbear talks about in her research: Indigenous political authorities and identities, as well as land and resource claims.

28. Ethnographic Refusal: this phrase refers to a research practice where researchers and research participants decide together not to make particular information available for use within the academy.

29. DNA Profile: In order to attain what this term encompasses, Tallbear says we first need to know the following things: molecular knowledges and their social histories, and practices of tribal citizenship.

30. Boas on biological degeneracy from interracial mixing: This phrase refers to an anthropologist who critiqued predominant notions of race, claiming that he has never observed any degeneracy resulting from this.

31. Identity Politics: This phrase refers to a period of time in U.S. history when arrivals of new migrants coincided with related reorganization of US class structure. It refers to the appearance of new groups composed of previously disconnected individuals who were beginning to sense that they had something in common.

32. Baker's “not-quite-white ethnics of census in 1930 and 1940 became white": This phrase refers to an anthropologist’s argument that Southern and Eastern Europeans’ ethnicity, place of birth, and natality of parents were no longer recorded in the 1950 census, which resulted in an expansion of the category of who was considered “white” in the U.S.

33. Challenges Zora Neale Hurston faced: This phrase refers to the issues an anthropologist faced, which included accusations of plagiarism, being treated as a “fact collector” rather than a theorist, and publishers not permitting their work to be published.

34. ideas 19th century British and American social theorists assumed: This refers to the assumptions that peoples of the world could be ranked on an evolutionary, progressive, unilinear, and universal scale of cultures.

35. Delaney ways to make marriage in U.S. more equal: This refers to the ideas an anthropologist had: that in order to accomplish this goal, wider societal changes would be necessary, including variable work times, job sharing, flexible career arcs, and more widespread and accessible child care and health care.

36. U.S./Western marriage rites of passage: This refers to the three phases in a traditional U.S. legal joining of a couple, including separation of oneself from friends to some extent, a liminal (transitional) period called the honeymoon, and upon return, taking up residence in a new home, where the couple is reintegrated back into society as a new entity.

37. Difference in couple behavior between France and U.S.: This phrase refers to different ways couples behave in two countries. In one country the couples show with words rather than bodies and gestures that they are a couple, while in the other country, couples show they are a couple visibly.

38. Expectations of compatibility U.S. and Turkey: This phrase refers to two countries’ ideas around how much couples should know they get along before getting married. In one country, people expect to get along before considering a committed relationship, while in the other country it is assumed that getting along and love will develop after marriage.

39. STS (science and technology studies): This term refers to a way of explaining how social, political, and cultural values affect science-and-technology research/innovation and how techno-sciences in turn affect politics, cultures, and social institutions.

40. Boas on skull size: This phrase refers to an anthropologist who was critical of claims that intelligence could be determined by the measuring of people’s skull sizes.

41. Differences between early American and British anthropology: This refers to the two different ways anthropology was done early on, with one type of anthropology emphasizing finding the laws of society, while the other regarded the study of cultures as the process of reading into the symbolic meaning behind people's actions.