AP HUG VOCAB

UNIT 1

1.1 Key Terms

Terms	Definition	Example
Physical Geography	the study of the physical appearance of the many environments on the Earth	the study of landforms, bodies of water, the climate, ect
Human Geography	the study of human activities	the study of population, cultures, economics, ect
Models	representations about reality, that focus specific factors of something to make it more understandable	a globe
Spatial Models	a visual of an area that illustrate spatial distributions
Non-spatial Models	something that uses words, graphs, and/or tables to show changes over a period of time; more accurate than spatial models
Time-distance decay	things that are physically closer to each other are more closely related to each other	countries that are culturally and economically similar generally are physically closer to each other
Spatial Patterns	refer to the general set-up of things in different locations/distributions; the distribution of a phenomena in a general area.	density, dispersion, clustered scattered, linked, ect
Networks	interconnected systems/units; nodes	roads that connect to other states
Topographic Maps	points of equal elevation are connected, creating shapes that show surface features	a map of the elevation of a mountain
Direction	used to indicate where something is in comparison to something else	NESW, NE, NW, ect
Scales of analysis	understanding topics from different scale levels; local, regional, country, or global	the United States at night VS the city of Atlanta at night
Small-scale maps	show a larger amount of area with less detail	a global scale of the Earth at nigh
Elevation	the distance of something above the sea (sea level); usually measured in feet or meters; usually shown on maps with contours (isolines)	Mount Everest is over 29,000 feet
Physical Maps	display physical features	mountains, rivers, deserts, ect
Road Maps	display roads/paths	roads, highways, alleys, ect
Plat Maps	display representations of ownership of land	land/building ownership
Thematic Maps	visual ways of displaying the relationship of locations and their features, and the phenomenon that happen in those areas
Chloropleth Maps	use colors to display patterns of locations	percentage of people that speak English
Dot Distribution Maps	used to show the specific location and distribution of a something on a map; each dot represents one specified quantity	the number of cities on a map
Graduated Symbol Maps	use symbols to indicate size of something; larger size = more; smaller size = less	population density in a state
Isoline Maps	use lines that connect to points to represent change; the closer the lines, the more rapid change; the further the lines, the more relatively similar it is; isometric maps	elevation of the United States map; LA and NY are connected
Accessibility	how quickly and easily people can interact with others in a different location
Qualitative Sources	data that is not statistically based	interviews, photos, satellite images, descriptions, cartoons, ect
Cartographic Scale	the way a map shows the ratio of its size to what it is representing	words: “1 inch equals 10 miles”, ratios: “1:20”; lines: a line that shows how big an area really is
Relative Distance	indicates how close something is based on time, money, and/or mode of travel	“LHS is about a 10 minute car ride from my house”
Absolute Location	the precise location of a place	an address, coordinates, ect
Latitude	horizontal distance; latitude is fat-itude
Equator	imaginary horizontal line; designated as 0 degrees and the poles as 90 degrees north and 90 degrees south
Longitude	vertical distance east + west of the Prime Meridian; longitude is long-itude
Prime Meridian	imaginary vertical line; designated as 0 degrees
International Date Line	on the opposite side of the Prime Meridian; rough line that changes course to accommodate countries’ borders
Relative Location	the location of something in relation to another; described in terms if connectivity and accessibility	“Georgia is north of Florida”
Connectivity	how easy it is to get to one place from another with by roads or other links
Geospatial Data	data with some kind of location indicator as well as an analysis of something in that area	annual income by country
Scale	the ratio between the size of something that has been made smaller to fit on a map, and the original size
Absolute Distance	measured in terms of feet, miles, meters, ect; quantitative units	“LHS is 4.7 miles away from my house”
Political Maps	display man-made boundaries	state borders, countries, ect
Distribution	the way a pattern of an event is spread over an area
Clustered (agglomerated) Distribution	arranged in a group/concentrated area	cities along the border of the United States and Mexico
Linear Distribution	arranged in a straight line	towns along a railroad line
Dispersed Distribution	spread out over a large area	distribution of malls around a city
Circular Distribution	equally spaced from a certain place, making a circle	the homes of people who shop at a particular store
Geometric Distribution	regular arrangement	squares/blocks formed by roads in the Midwest
Random Distribution	no specific pattern or arrangement in their positions	pet owners in a city
Quantitative Data	numerical data that can be measured	number of immigrants to a specific city
Cartogram	the size of land according to a statistic	the size of Morocco and Canada are roughly the same size, given their similar population
Patterns	how things are arranged
Reference Maps	maps that are designed for people to use for general knowledge
Large-Scale Maps	show a smaller amount of area with more detail	the North American continent in the night

1.2 Key Terms

Landscape Analysis	the description of an area of land
Field Observations	physically seeing and making observations about a place
Spatial Data	any information connected to a specific place
Remote Sensing	information about a place gathered by a satellite
Aerial Photography	professional pictures taken of a location within the atmosphere
Fieldwork	observing and recording data about a location

1.3 Key Terms

Geovisual	2D or 3D maps that help people zoom in and out to observe better
Community-Based Solutions	solutions to problems that are created so that the people of the area can accept it better
Geographic Information System (GIS)	a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface
Remote Sensing	pictures and videos taken and gathered by satellites
Global Positioning System (GPS)	the usage of multiple satellites to pin-point the exact location of someone/something

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