biology
Flashcards for Chapter 8 Review
Definitions
Q: What is cytolysis?
A: The bursting of a cell due to excessive water intake in a hypotonic environment.
Q: What is plasmolysis?
A: The shrinking of the cytoplasm due to water loss in a hypertonic environment.
Q: What are diatoms?
A: Unicellular algae with silica-based cell walls, commonly found in aquatic environments.
Q: What are dinoflagellates?
A: Protists with two flagella, responsible for red tides and bioluminescence.
Q: What is a pseudopod?
A: A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell used for movement and engulfing food.
Q: What is Plasmodium?
A: A genus of parasitic protists that cause malaria.
Q: What is mycology?
A: The study of fungi.
Q: What is a fruiting body?
A: The reproductive structure of a fungus, like mushrooms or mold spores.
Q: What are vegetative structures?
A: The non-reproductive parts of an organism, like fungal hyphae or plant roots and stems.
Q: What is mold?
A: A type of fungus that grows in multicellular filaments called hyphae.
Q: What are saprotrophs?
A: Organisms that decompose organic material for nutrients, like fungi.
Q: What is an ascocarp?
A: The fruiting body of ascomycete fungi, where spores are produced.
Q: What is pasteurization?
A: The process of heating liquids (like milk) to kill harmful bacteria without changing the substance too much.
Q: What is a basidiocarp?
A: The fruiting body of Basidiomycota fungi, like mushrooms, where spores are produced.
Q: What is a hallucinogen?
A: A substance that alters perception, thoughts, and consciousness, sometimes found in fungi like Psilocybe (magic mushrooms).
Q: What is parasitism?
A: A relationship where one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the host.
Q: What is commensalism?
A: A relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Q: What is phylogenetics?
A: The study of evolutionary relationships among species based on genetics and traits, often shown in phylogenetic trees.
Short Answer Questions as Flashcards
Q: What are the three main groups of protists?
A: Protozoa (animal-like), Algae (plant-like), and Slime Molds/Water Molds (fungus-like).
Q: What are three characteristics of Euglena?
A: Mixotrophic, moves with a flagellum, has an eyespot for light detection.
Q: What does a contractile vacuole do?
A: Expels excess water to regulate osmosis.
Q: Which protist remains are used in toothpaste?
A: Diatoms (silica cell walls act as abrasives).
Q: Which protists live in coral? What relationship do they have?
A: Zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates); mutualistic relationship.
Q: What genus causes malaria?
A: Plasmodium.
Q: Three characteristics of Paramecium?
A: Covered in cilia, has two nuclei, uses a contractile vacuole.
Q: What is the symmetry of radiolarians?
A: Radial symmetry.
Q: What happens in alternation of generations?
A: Gametophytes (haploid) make gametes, sporophytes (diploid) make spores.
Q: What shape is a Volvox colony?
A: Spherical.
Q: What shape are Spirogyra chloroplasts?
A: Spiral.
Q: Are fungal hyphae haploid or diploid?
A: Haploid.
Q: What is fungal cell walls made of?
A: Chitin.
Q: What is special about microsporidians?
A: They are intracellular parasites that lack typical mitochondria.
Q: What makes Chytridiomycota unique?
A: They have flagellated spores.
Q: What reproductive structure is formed by Zygomycota?
A: Zygospores.
Q: What reproductive structure is formed by Ascomycota?
A: Ascospores in asci.
Q: What reproductive structure is formed by Basidiomycota?
A: Basidiospores on basidia.
Q: Why are some fungi classified as Deuteromycota?
A: They have no known sexual reproduction.
Q: What makes lichens a mutualistic relationship?
A: Fungi provide structure; algae/cyanobacteria provide food.
Q: What makes mycorrhizae a mutualistic relationship?
A: Fungi help plant roots absorb nutrients; plants provide carbohydrates.
Q: Classify these fungi:
Shelf fungus → Basidiomycota
Bread mold → Zygomycota
Penicillium → Ascomycota
Mushrooms → Basidiomycota
Aspergillus → Ascomycota
Q: What is a phylogenetic tree?
A: A diagram showing evolutionary relationships.
Q: Why can different gene groups produce different phylogenetic trees?
A: Horizontal gene transfer and convergent evolution can affect results.