Entomology

2nd lecture

Taxonomy - The science od describing naming and classifing biological organims in a structured ierarchy

• basically just organizing organisms by characterisitics

How do you identify

• you identify by analyzing the outsides and insides

  • Bone structure, shape, shape, arrangement, molecular genetics, etc.

  • Taxon is a focus on something specific like the genetic construct and information in orgaisms where as taxonomy is all things about an organism

morrphological / morphology - the changeing of traitsand or genetic information

paismony - the simplest trait is commenly the best distinction

there are multiple domains of limes and it gets smaller at each level

ekdysis - shedding or molting to grow bigger

Echysozoa - the traits the brings togethers through syphlya and molting

chitenous cuticle (molted) they have rinfs of scalids, gloscuand two rings of introvert retracts

phylum onychophora, walking worms have lobe like legs and antennas, key differnt from athrbods is they have no joins they move as a whole.

Tartigrades / waterbears

phylim arthopoda “jointed foot”

• they have bilateral sumetry exoskeltons, multiple bpdy seg,ets and jointed appendages

crustache

• sabyhlam and hexapod

Nodes are the lins in the pyraud hill that show a branching, the less nodes beween insects the closer they are to each other.

subphylum chelicerta

• they have 4 pairs of legs and simple eyes

• coming to about 6 apendeges

3rd day

ticjs are not good and are parasitic

mits i dont know

subphylum crustacea - crabs

subphylum myriapoda - milipedes and centipedes

Tell apart by the pairs of legs for each body segment, centipedes one par, centuoedes is 2 pairs

subphylum hexapoda:

rotura diplura collembola

• protura - cone headed soil organims

• diplura - two pronged bristletails

• forcula - jumping fork

class (insecta)

• 3 body segments

  • head

  • thorax

  • abdomen

• 3 pairs of jointed legs (6 total)

• exoskelton

Another lecture day 3

insects

• have small size

• tough protective exoskeltons

• high reproductive rate

  • frequesnt reporduction / short development time

  • there adaptable

High reproductive rate - asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.    

• bees have unfertilized eggs

• aphids have lonal reproduction

Wings ability to fly

sociability

• cooperation

• overlapping generations

• division of labor

what are the 6 drvers of insect evolutionary sucess

• hard exoseleton

• high reproductive rate (panthogensis)

• small size

• metamorphosis

• cooperation / sociability

• ability to fly

phenotype = genotype x enviorment

obersivable traits of how an organism looks = genetic information x enviormental conditions the organism live and grows in

what causes genetic variation

Phenotypic variation due to genetics: is heritable (i.e. you get genes from your parents and you will pass on your genes to your offspring)

main mechanisms of evolution

genetic mutation - changes in dna/ genetic code

gene flow - movement to new habitats

genetic drift - random events change populations

natural selection - organims with most favorable traits survive and reproduce

evolution of natural selection

• individuals of species do not reproduce equally

• most populkatuons are stabke in size

• resources are limited

• individuals exhibit phenotypic variation

• variation between individuals must be inherited

Phenotypes that provide a fitness advantage will be positively selected

• higher survival rate

• more offspring

Lecrture day 4

exoskeltn limits the ability to grow

when they get to big for there exoskelton “skin”

• they shed it and get another

• they might even lose there head when sheding

Molting (ecdysys) = shedding of old exoskeleton to form a new larger exoskelton

Apolysis → new cuticle → ecdysis / exuvia → sclerotization

• exoskelton to small → trigars a cascade of stimulating prothoracic glands → ecdysone

Insects mature through metamorphosis

• the processof transformation from an immature form to an adult form in 2 or more distinct stages

• there are three differnt types of metamorphysis

ametabolous (most primitive)

• adults look basiclly like really big nymphs

henimetabolous (incomplete metamorphisis)

• adults look like nymphs except adults have WINGS

  • egg→ nymph → nymph → nymph → adult (sexually mature)

  • Wing pads present in older juveniles

  • Wings present in adults

holometabolous (complete metamorphosis)

• adults look vastly differnt from larvae

Instar: larval developmental stage between molts

Stadium: time between instars

Diapause: A period of arrested development

Lecture 4

Exosjelton is made up of chitin

• long chain polymer of an N-acetylglucosamine, a derivagive of glucose

• characteristics component of the exkskeletons of arthropods, such as crustaceans and insects

exoskeleton suture

• suture = fold

Chrysididae

• exosjeleton metalic blue/green surfac e pitted/sculptered

setae = hair

Scales = sepecialized flattened setae = “flatttened hairs”

• lepidoptera = scaly wings

• trichoptere = hairy wings

exoskelton made of epicuticle (above), exocuticle (outer), Endocuticle (inner)

along with.a procuticle nd epidermis

Exoskeltons are shed during molting

(epicuicle + exocuticle shed as insects grow)

• exoskeletons fold internally to

    1. points for muscle attachment

    2. provide structural reinforcemen

classic insect made of three tagmata the head, thorax, abdimen

• tagmosis is the evolutionary fusing off body segments to form body regions

Entognathous mouthparts of springtails, they retract them within the head capsule

Ectognathous mouthparts of insects rather are extended outside the head capsule

Compoud eyes

• ommatidia (singular ommatidium) light sensinf units of the compound eye

insects have a differnt color vision the poele and therefore see in a differnt spectrum

eyes (oceli) - singular ocellus

• simple eye

• on top of the head

Stemmata (singular stemma)

• immature holometabolous insefts

• side of the head

lecture 5/6

fat body for metabolisim and detoxification and storing nutrients

Insect herbivore diet breadth

• specialist - herbivore feeds on plants in 1 family

• generalist - herbivore feeds on plants in many differnt families