Tongue Muscles and Midterm 2 Review

Announcements and Examination Guidelines

  • Instructor asked if students had any questions about the assignments, confirmed them being fine.
  • The session focuses on a study guide and will also catch up on two more lectures.
  • There are additions to the midterm (Midterm 2) content related to today’s lecture but nothing from Monday will be included.
  • The midterm will only cover material studied after Midterm 1; it is not cumulative.

Study Guide Overview

Content to Memorize
  • Cartilages of the Larynx:
    • Understand the number of paired and unpaired cartilages in the larynx.
    • Familiarize yourself with:
    • Unpaired: Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Epiglottis
    • Paired: Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform
  • Hyoid Bone:
    • Know it’s the only bone in the larynx and its landmarks:
    • Corpus (body of the hyoid)
    • Conus (conical part)
Thyroid Cartilage
  • Identification of thyroid cartilage and knowledge of its main parts is necessary.
Cricoid Cartilage
  • Identifying structures and naming muscles attached to the cricoid cartilage, such as:
    • Infrahyoid Muscles
    • Suprahyoid Muscles
    • Expect questions on identifying two infrahyoid and two suprahyoid muscles, depressors, and elevators.
Muscle Innervation
  • Students must know:
    • Identify that the Vagus Nerve is the main nerve supplying the larynx with branches being the:
    • Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
    • Superior Laryngeal Nerve
Abductor and Adductor Muscles of Larynx
  • Able to identify these muscles in context to individual parts of the vocal fold:
    • Understand components: Body and Cover of the vocal fold.
Fundamental Frequency
  • Define Fundamental Frequency and distinguish it from frequency in general.
  • Calculate harmonics based on given fundamental frequency (e.g., If the fundamental frequency is 200Hz, calculate the 3rd, 4th, and 5th harmonics).
Additional Key Terms
  • Definitions and understanding of:
    • Phonons
    • Loudness
    • Perceptual Parameters:
    • Intensity↔ Loudness
    • Frequency ↔ Speech
Vocal Fold Mechanics
  • Explain how vocal folds change pitch and identify involved muscles and cartilages.
  • Understand Myoelastic and Aerodynamic Theory and Source-Filter Theory.
Occlusions in Dental Anatomy
  • Main types of occlusions:
    1. Class One: Normal orientation.
    2. Class Two Malocclusion: Mandible retracted (overbite).
    3. Class Three Malocclusion: Mandible protruded (underbite).
  • Identify: Other types of malocclusions, such as persistent open and closed bite.
Articulatory Structures
  • Active vs. Passive Articulators:
    • Active: Tongue, lips, soft palate (moveable)
    • Passive: Hard palate, teeth (stationary)
  • Importance of structures (e.g., lips, tongue) in generating speech:
    • Role of bilabials, labiodentals, and vowels with lip movement.
Tongue Anatomy
  • Areas of the tongue:
    • Tip, Blade, Dorsum, Body, Root
  • Crucial muscles of the tongue:
    • Intrinsic Muscles:
    • Superior longitudinal, Inferior longitudinal, Transverse, Vertical
    • Extrinsic Muscles:
    • Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Palatoglossus
Functions of Tongue Muscles
  • Key actions include:
    • Protrusion (Genioglossus - both anterior and posterior)
    • Retraction (Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus)
    • Elevating, flattening, and shortening the tongue.
Masseter and Mastication Muscles
  • Discuss mastication role in speech production:
    • Masseter, Temporalis, Pterygoids (medial & lateral)
    • Velum as a gatekeeper in speech. Functionality in producing oral vs. nasal sounds.
Velum and Related Muscles
  • Understand functions of the velum (soft palate):
    • Separating oral and nasal cavities
    • Related muscles include:
    • Levator Veli Palatini (elevates soft palate)
    • Musculus Uvulae (elevates & shortens soft palate)
    • Palatoglossus/Palatopharyngeus (depresses soft palate)
Pharyngeal Muscles
  • Constriction and swallowing functions, including:
    • Superior, Middle, and Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictors.
Final Notes
  • Class activity planned for revision.
  • Review all materials discussed for successful exam preparation, which focuses solely on the provided study guide content.